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...) the [[axle]] and the [[chassis]]. Simple trailing-arm designs in [[live axle]] setups often use just two or three links and a [[Panhard rod]] to locate A '''semi-trailing arm suspension''' is an [[independent rear suspension]] system for [[automobile]]s in which each [[wheel]] hub is loca

[[Image:Solid_Axle.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Solid axle]] and [[Panhard rod]] on a 2002 [[Mazda MPV]]]] ...is sometimes called a '''dead axle'''. Beam axles are commonly used at the rear wheels of a vehicle.

A '''live axle''' is a type of [[beam axle]] [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension system]] that uses the [[driveshaft]]s A live axle consists of a central [[differential (mechanics)|differential]] mated to tu

...axle, with bearings or bushings provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. Sometimes, especially on [[bicycle]]s, the latter type is re ...em (typically a [[electric motor|motor]]) exerts a rotational force on the axle, which is transferred to the wheel(s) to accelerate the vehicle.

[[Image:Axle - Semi trailing-arm 23.gif|thumb|Semi-trailing arm suspension|Semi-trailing ...to the rear of) the [[axle]] and the [[chassis]]. It is used on the front axle.

...sion (vehicle)|suspension]] system that provides lateral location of the [[axle]]. Originally invented by the [[Panhard]] automobile company of [[France]] ...nal direction. This arrangement is not usually used with a [[leaf spring]] rear suspension, where the springs themselves supply enough lateral rigidity, bu

...he wheels - the wheels are always perpendicular to the driveshafts. Swing axle suspensions traditionally used [[leaf spring]]s and [[shock absorber]]s. Pr This type of suspension was considered better than the more typical [[solid axle]] for two reasons:

...Stucchi]] in [[1898]]. It had four engines, two on each side of the rear axle.

...since the engine is still in the front of the car, and FMR cars still have rear wheel [[Powertrain|drivetrain]]s. ...ally have FMR layouts, as a rear engine would not leave much space for the rear seats.

...ndependent rear suspension AWD.jpg|thumb|right|A [[MacPherson strut]] type rear independent suspension on an [[Four-wheel drive|AWD]] car. The anti-roll ba ...other. This is contrasted with a [[beam axle]], [[live axle]] or [[deDion axle|deDion]] system in which the wheels are linked - movement on one side affec

...c, thus introducing a sideways component into the vertical movement of the axle, the Watt's linkage ensures pure vertical motion. ...t around their outboard mountings cancel each other in their effect on the axle and are instead taken up by the center member's rotation about its axis.

...e [[center of gravity]] of the [[engine]] itself is actually past the rear axle. This is not to be confused with the center of gravity of the whole vehicl Rear engined cars are almost always [[rear wheel drive]], a layout known as [[RR layout|RR]]. The exception is certain

...car as the driven wheels: the [[FF layout|front wheel drive]], [[RR layout|rear wheel drive]] and [[MR layout|mid-engined]] arrangements. Many [[MR layout|mid]] and [[RR layout|rear-engined]] vehicles use a [[transverse engine]] and transaxle, similar to a

...a centre point somewhere along a line extending from the axis of the fixed axle. The steered wheels must be angled so that they are both at 90 degrees to a ...a line drawn between the steering [[kingpin]]s and the centre of the rear axle. The steering pivot points are joined by a rigid bar, the tie rod, which ca

...at for the driver. It was equipped with several engines fitted on the rear axle with the battery housed under the floor. A slightly different version, call ...e and delivered the power to the wheels via a [[cardan shaft]] to the rear axle. Two years after manufacturing began the production was abandoned and the p

...he amount torque from the front axle by passing part of torque to the rear axle. This is achieved on [[all-wheel-drive]] (AWD) vehicles with full-time AWD, Note that the [[rear-wheel-drive]] vehicles do not suffer from the torque steer since the engine

...ent of an [[automobile]] [[internal-combustion engine|engine]] between the rear and front axles. Another term for this is mid-ship, though that term is us ...cle is also rear-drive (as almost all of them are) the added weight on the rear tires can also improve acceleration on slippery surfaces, providing much of

...nd could seat up to four. Versions were offered with two set of wheels per axle and an extra gear reduction, enabling it to crawl up a 40 per cent gradient

...here the [[engine]] is in the front of the vehicle and drive wheels at the rear. This was the traditional automobile layout for most of the 20th century. ...han about 200bhp, as the weight transference during acceleration loads the rear wheels and increases grip.

...ssary for the majority of driving conditions. The Massif is usually in 4x2 rear wheel drive unless 4-wheel drive is engaged. ...sedly to reduce wear. An optional [[limited slip differential|limited slip rear differential]] is also an available to improve off-road ability by reducing

...e [[center of gravity]] of the [[engine]] itself is actually past the rear axle. This is not to be confused with the center of gravity of the vehicle itse ...rs with the front wheels, it is better for the engine to be located in the rear of the car - either a RR or MR design.

...600, to 4 marce + RM. Drum brakes on the four wheels. Front tires 5,20x12. Rear 5,20x14. ...600, to 4 marce + RM. Drum brakes on the four wheels. Front tires 5,20x12. Rear 5,20x14.

|Front suspension || rigid axle, semi-elliptic leaf springs, friction dampers |Rear suspension || live axle, semi-elliptic leaf springs, friction dampers

...es around its roll axis. The roll axis is a line that joins the front and rear roll centers (SAEJ670e). If the vertical distance between the roll axis an ...ndersteer effect. Increasing the proportion of roll stiffness at the rear axle will have the opposite effect and decrease understeer.

...omise of car suspension by interconnecting the suspension of the front and rear of the car in some way. Hydragas attempted to perform the same function an ...lic fluid, and then connecting the displacer to its neighbour on the other axle. This is unlike the Citroën system, which uses hydraulic fluid continuous

...ve layout]] (FF), the [[center of mass]] of the engine is behind the front axle. This layout is typically chosen for its better weight distribution (the h ...ine placed in front of the driver's compartment but fully behind the front axle line also qualifies as ''mid-engine''.

...ansmission]]'': tree with [[cardan joint|joints]] [[rear traction|traction rear wheel]] [[clutch (mechanical)|clutch]] Multi bath oil; exchange (box in [[a ...efore rigid axle and leaf spring longitudinal semiellittiche, behind rigid axle with leaf spring longitudinal 3/4 ellipse

...em managed to give a classic look to their vehicles by providing them with rear-wheel drive and concealing the batteries in double bottoms. ...o any carriage ride by simply removing and replacing the pole at the front axle.

...bile]] [[internal-combustion engine|engine]] in front of or on the front [[axle]]. '''[[FR layout|Front engine, rear wheel drive]]'''

*''[[transmission]]'': Tree with [[cardan joint|joints]], traction on the rear wheels, dry clutch multidisc, [[change(mechanical)|exchange]] ( box in alum ...fore rigid axle and longitudinal leaf springs semiellittiche, behind drive axle with longitudinal leaf springs semiellittiche

...r is it intended to flex. In suspension geometry it is close to the [[beam axle|trailing beam suspension]] most recently seen on the [[front wheel drive]] # Compared to a fully independent rear suspension the ability to refine the dynamic response of the vehicle is som

...px|right|A simple MacPherson strut suspension on the left front wheel of a rear-wheel drive vehicle.]] ...ing]] pivot ([[kingpin]]) as well as a suspension mounting for the wheel. Rear struts of a similar design are properly called [[Chapman strut]]s.

...though the Type 36 project was more of an experiment. At first, the rear axle was bolted directly to the frame with no springs. In [[1926]], Bugatti add ...Electric braking was allowed, and both hand- and foot-brakes operated on rear wheel drums. Four forward speeds were available, and the vehicle could acc

...ane (such as a [[rear-wheel drive]] car with [[Hotchkiss drive]], a [[live axle]] supported by simple [[leaf spring]]s), vertical forces exerted by acceler ...g weight by connecting them directly to the body (as in a [[de Dion tube]] rear suspension). Lightweight materials, such as [[aluminum]], [[plastic]], [[ca

...s a natural development from a car with a full chassis, separate front and rear subframes are used in modern vehicles to reduce the overall weight and cost # A simple "axle" type which usually carries the lower control arms and steering rack.

...system consisting of con rods directly linked to a crankshaft-shaped rear axle, and consumed 30kg of coal per hour.

...decades were positioned [[longitudinal engine|longitudinal]]ly instead. [[Rear-wheel drive]] was the traditional standard while [[four-wheel drive]] is al ...namic prowess of [[BMW]], who have tenaciously stuck with the conventional rear wheel drive layout for all its vehicles.

...place through a 4-speed [[transmission]] and a [[drive shaft]] to the rear axle. Because of many unforeseen events, the car did not go to mass production.

...the front of the vehicle, but the [[MR layout|mid engine]] and [[RR layout|rear engine]] layouts are also used. ...the rear axles. Some [[FR layout]] vehicles place the transmission at the rear, though most attach it to the engine at the front.

...gave its power over a four-speed transmission and a driveshaft to the rear axle. Then they planned a sports and touring under the name "5 Z" was to be cons

...es in a lever, mounted perpendicular to the bar, that is attached to the [[axle]] of the suspension arm or wishbone. Vertical motion of the wheel causes th ...s used all round independent torsion bar suspension, along with air cooled rear engines. Also in the 1930s, prototypes of the first [[Volkswagen Beetle]] i

...alcohol/gasoline mixture, but the transmission was not. A drum on the rear axle was driven positively by a belt. Changing gears were not done by pulleys, a

...uspended the front with no suspension at all in the rear. Cables operated rear [[drum brake]]s. ...bsp;in) wheelbase. It had a six-sided radiator in front and semi-elliptic rear [[leaf spring]]s.

...but it retained its unique rear-mounted transaxle and [[deDion axle|deDion rear suspension]].

|Rear track || ...suspension::  || colspan="5" align="center" | [[Live axle|Live]] rear axle

...the front of the vehicle, but the [[MR layout|mid engine]] and [[RR layout|rear engine]] layouts are also used. ...the rear axles. Some [[FR layout]] vehicles place the transmission at the rear, though most attach it to the engine at the front.

...4-speed [[gearbox]] and all-independent suspension featuring De Dion rear axle, and the company claimed a 180mph (290 km/h) top speed. The bodywork was de

...sion with transverse [[leaf spring]]s in front with a [[live axle]] in the rear. However, [[Gioacchino Colombo]]'s [[V12 engine]] was enlarged from 1.5&nb

...ntional cars, with longitudinally, front-mounted engines powering the rear axle via a four-speed [[manual transmission]]. The engines employed were two ver Image:1966 Fiat 1500 rear view.jpg|1966 Fiat 1500 rear

|Rear Suspension || rigid axle with coil springs Petroleum |Brakes || Drum front and rear

...]] relatively low). The layout has a tendency toward being heavier in the rear than the front, which allows for best balance to be achieved under accelera ...acing cars, RMR is the usual configuration and is usually synonymous with "rear engine". Due to its favorable weight dynamics, this layout is heavily emplo

|Suspension || rear axle suspended on leaf springs, hydraulic shock absorbers ...modified to accommodate a small engine connected to a direct drive to the rear wheel with a belt. The vehicle attracted much interest, so ''Ollearo'' deci

| Rigid Axle, semi-elliptic leaf springs, friction shocks ! Suspension (rear)

...he top of the wheel is further out than the bottom (that is, away from the axle), it is called '''positive camber''', if the bottom of the wheel is further

...sion with transverse [[leaf spring]]s in front with a [[live axle]] in the rear. However, [[Gioacchino Colombo]]'s [[V12 engine]] was enlarged from 1.5&nb

The shape of the engine suits it better for [[rear engine]] and [[mid-engine]] designs, where the low [[center of gravity]] is .... The longest surviving flat-six engined model, the [[Porsche 911]], is a rear-engined sports car with acceptably compromised interior room and a long his

...d-engined]], as the engine was in front of the rear axle, but described as rear engined in references, as was the practice in 1960. Ferrari, the 246P Formu

...tive feature of Condor was a centrally placed engine, in front of the rear axle - a solution that (such as sports cars, not racing) first appeared here ver

...ed the use of a conventional motorcycle drivetrain by belt or chain to the rear wheel. However, in this layout, the front cylinder is heavily cooled and the rear cylinder receives comparatively little cooling.

...d-engined]], as the engine was in front of the rear axle, but described as rear engined in references, as was the practice in 1960. Ferrari, the 246P Formu

...e]] in the rear. Hydraulic power [[drum brake]]s were specified front and rear.

...ard extending radius rods to react braking and acceleration and to control axle wind-up. ...he 124 Spider Abarth which incorporated such things as an independent rear axle, hardtop, different seats, interior etc and only came in 3 colours.

[[Image:F3_bandini_retrotreno.JPG|250px|right|thumb|photos rear, highlighting disc brakes and the differential]] The box to postpone the tr ** Rear: a bridge with two rigid leaf spring semiellittiche longitudinal and [[shoc

...hicles are owner–constructed using a portion of a rear–engine, rear–drive [[Volkswagen Beetle|Volkswagen "Beetle"]] in combination with a ...otorcycle-derived designs suffer from most of the weight being towards the rear of the vehicle.

...decades were positioned [[longitudinal engine|longitudinal]]ly instead. [[Rear wheel drive]] was the traditional standard while [[four wheel drive]] is al ...utch/torque converter area. The engine sits entirely in front of the front axle centerline, however, the short fore-aft length of the boxer engine allows t

...mborghini Murciélago]] is a 4WD/AWD that powers the front via a VCU if the rear slips.]] ...001.jpg|thumb|right|224px|The AWD [[VW Golf]] is a 4WD/AWD that powers the rear via a multi-plate clutch if the front slips.]]

...ing the rear wheel housings with very wide "tubs" and narrowing the [[rear axle]] to allow room for the wider varieties of tires. Open wheel dragsters are

...laces the engine in the front of the vehicle, but the [[mid engine]] and [[rear engine]] layouts are also used. ...the rear axles. Some [[FR layout]] vehicles place the transmission at the rear, though most attach it to the engine at the front.

| Rear axle | Rear window

...ain is based on an in-line front motor (a 90° V8), rear wheel drive, and a rear transaxle. ...indshield placed behind the front axle, the high belt line, and a muscular rear fender. As a romantic touch, the air outlet is mounted on the front fender

...by having a heavier aerodynamic load at the rear end of the car giving the rear tires more traction than the front tires. Also, suspension balance should t ...fit the unworn ones to the rear, and the best of the old ones to the front axle, for this reason. However, this is not ideal either.

|Rear suspension || [[De Dion tube|De-Dion-axle]], longitudinal torsion bar, friction dampers, telescopic shock absorbers | Track || Front:1,320 mm (52.0 in)<br>Rear:1,310 mm (51.6 in)

[[Image:Transmission diagram.JPG|thumb|The differential on the rear [[axle]] of a car]] ...iving wheels are forced to rotate at the same speed, usually on a common [[axle]] driven by a simple chain-drive mechanism. When cornering, the inner wheel

...ief [[Alejandro de Tomaso]] and his design staff in [[1976]]. This was a [[rear wheel drive]] car, powered by a large V8 engine. It was important to de Tom ...0.31 [[coefficient of drag|cd]]), and featured Gandini's trademark angular rear wheel arch.

...mborghini Murciélago]] is a 4WD/AWD that powers the front via a VCU if the rear slips.]] ...001.jpg|thumb|right|224px|The AWD [[VW Golf]] is a 4WD/AWD that powers the rear via a multi-plate clutch if the front slips.]] -->

...|| [[ZF Friedrichshafen AG|ZF]] 4 speed and reverse (5-speed from 1961), Rear wheel drive *[[Girling]] 12" turbofinned [[drum brake]]s front and rear

...] (front engine powering the rear axle), while small cars were [[RR layout|rear-engined]]. Meanwhile, a practical concept emerged, namely the [[front-wheel ...aloon]]" concept, available with two or four doors and with or without the rear hatch (which made the car effectively a [[hatchback]]), producing four diff

|Front suspension || Rigid Axle w/Leaf Springs |Rear suspension || Live Axle w/Leaf Springs

|Rear track || The '''[[Fiat]] Dino''' is a [[FR layout|front-engined, rear-drive]] [[sports car]] manufactured between 1966 and 1973. It was an interm

...e central one was equipped with a wing adjustable when driving, whilst the rear one was fixed and included aerodynamic brakes. ...late chassis which gave a weight of 700kg. The wheelbase was 2150mm (front/rear tracks : 1310mm/1320mm) whilst the total height was only 1020mm.

...components were identical to the [[Maserati 150S]], except the rigid rear axle inherited from the [[Maserati A6]].

With the DAF 600 - 55 each rear wheel was propelled individually by a pair of conical drums and drive belt ...rs, the 46, 66 and Volvo variants were fitted with a differentially geared axle.

...79in, with a wheelbase of 106 in. Its width is 78.7in, the track-front and rear is 67.8in. The car has a height of 73.6in, and a ground clearance of 6.75in ...sisted rack-and-pinion steering and a power-assisted vented front disc and rear drum brakes.

...for the rear wheels to lock up under braking, which led to [[Oversteer|the rear of the car slewing sideways and loss of directional control and/or spinning ...ke]]s, the emergency brake typically uses the same mechanism. In cars with rear [[disc brake]]s, the emergency brake most often actuates the same system, b

...uspended the front with no suspension at all in the rear. Cables operated rear [[drum brake]]s. ...bsp;in) wheelbase. It had a six-sided radiator in front and semi-elliptic rear [[leaf spring]]s.

...Alfa Romeo 33]]. There were a few prototypes of 2.5 V6 rear mounted engine rear wheel drive Sprints built but this vehicle never made full serial productio ...and modified front suspension and front brakes (no more inboard type). The rear end now had drum brakes. The Alfa Romeo Sprint was one of the best handling

...ng, the new car was very hard to master, though, due to the [[swing axle]] rear [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] design initially adopted by Porsche (re

...the front suspension was independent while the rear made due with a solid axle. Speed for the 3.7 liter engine and the 4.0 liter engine was around 7 seco [[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]

...distinguished by amply glazed gullwing-doors and an equally amply louvered rear window. Propulsion was by a 2L {{Auto bhp|175|0}} in-line six engine, actua ...produced a very impressive 175 bhp. The engine was mounted behind the rear axle, angled forward 30 degrees for a better weight balance.

especially for rear axles and trailers. ...ombardier Bi Level]] commuter cars), only one disk is used, mounted on the axle end outside the truck frame. High speed trains (such as the [[TGV]])

|Suspension || Independent front suspension<br>Live rear axle

...were specified. [[Alloy wheel]]s were a novelty, as was the hollow front axle for reduced [[unsprung weight]].

...under the transmission "tunnel", transmits the drive to a solid live rear axle. ...n was quite advanced (when using a solid live rear axle), in that the rear axle was controlled by double unequal length trailing arms and a [[panhard rod]]

...ably [[Giancarlo Baghetti]] who one a race at Monza, but the advent of the rear-engined British invasion saw their decline by the end of 1960. ...ar frame with Fiat 1100 front suspension and whatever live axle fit at the rear. Dagrada, always an engine man, would do it his way. While virtually every

*solid front axle with semi-elliptic leaf springs, solid rear axle with semi-elliptic leaf springs

|Suspension || [[Double wishbone suspension|Double wishbone]] front and rear ...frame concept. All models included independent front wheels, de Dion rear axle, 4 disc brakes and 5 gear transmission.

...t shaft towards the engine, and the output shaft towards the rear axle (on rear wheel drive cars). The shaft is suspended by the main [[bearing (mechanical ...Multiplying the number of sprocket gears in front with the number to the rear gives the number of different gear ratios, often called "speeds". A 21-spe

...later models are water-cooled. These automobiles situate the engine in the rear rather than the front, where its width does not interfere with the steering ...nge and, combined with the mounting position immediately ahead of the rear axle, offer a low center of gravity and more neutral handling.

...laced it at the end of the Fiat 1100 transmission shaft. We used the stock rear suspension from the 600. [[File:As5.jpg|thumb|right|250px|'''At the rear, the 600 axle, bearing support, coil over shock and control arm can be seen.''']]

...often had custom bodywork. All America models used a [[live axle]] in the rear, were [[FR layout|front-engined]], and had [[worm and sector]] steering. ...d the America's chassis, with its 2650&nbsp;mm wheelbase and [[live axle]] rear suspension, but had the 4.4&nbsp;L ''[[Ferrari Colombo engine|Colombo]]'' V

The front-engine, rear wheel drive layout ([[FR layout]] for short) is common among sports cars of ...also use a front-mid layout "FM", where the engine sits between the front axle and the firewall.

...ts [[Aurelio Lampredi]]-designed tube frame and [[double wishbone]]/[[live axle]] suspension with the 125. Like the 125, the wheelbase was 2420&nbsp;mm lo ...ly straightforward with wishbones at the front and a live rear axle at the rear. Where the early Ferraris really excelled was in the engine compartment, wh

...[[fuel tank]] above the rear axle, instead of Fiat's vertical tank on the rear right-hand side. It also had more durable brakes, thanks to mud covers. Unl ...when a new black plastic grill arrived along with new indicators, enlarged rear lamps instead of pairs of thin vertical ones and a mildly modernized interi

...and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and [[rear suspension]] of a car may be different. ...out damaging the tire during cornering. Race cars (like NASCAR) often have rear leaf springs showing signs of contact with the tire. The paint has been pol

...uding minor suspension changes and a change from four-wheel disc brakes to rear drum brakes in an effort to reduce costs. The Alfasud Sprint was renamed in **rear : dead beam axle with telescopic dampers and coil springs, located by Watts linkages and a p

|Rear track || <br>1320&nbsp;mm (52 in.) ...gs and hydraulic telescopic [[shock absorber]]s) and [[live axle|live rear axle]].

...ntional cars, with longitudinally, front-mounted engines powering the rear axle via a four-speed [[manual transmission]]. The engines employed were two ver Image:Heckansicht.jpg|<font face="Trebuchet MS" font color=>1965 Fiat 1300 rear

...hub gear]].]][[Image:Shimano xt rear derailleur.jpg|right|thumb|Shimano XT rear derailleur on a mountain bike]] [[Image:Bevelgear.jpg|thumb|[[Bevel gear|Bevel ring gear]] on the rear wheel of a [[shaft-driven bicycle]]]]

...e]] in the rear. Hydraulic power [[drum brake]]s were specified front and rear.

Rear suspension = [[Swing axle]]*, transverse [[leaf spring]], hydraulic [[Shock absorber|damper]]s<br> <nowiki>*</nowiki><small>[[De Dion tube|De-Dion-axle]] was one of the last modifications 1951.</small>|

...il spring]]s at the front and a live axle and half-elliptic springs at the rear. Its excellent handling and good performance was in the tradition of its pr ...e in the camber of the rear wheels that was inherent with the simple swing axle suspension system.

...engineered front suspension and a positively located lightweight live rear axle.

...nt suspension]] ([[torsion bar]]s in the front and [[coil spring]]s in the rear), standard power steering and four-wheel [[disc brakes]], and was the first Power was delivered to the rear axle via standard Borg-Warner three-speed [[automatic transmission]], and a five

...other, this narrow track eliminated the need for a differential. The front axle was a modified version of a Dubonnet independent front suspension. The Iset ...arro'' was larger than most, with its four-wheel layout, conventional rear axle with differential and leaf springs, and a large tubular frame. It was good

...was girder style front forks which also were also later changed to leading-axle telescopics. ...due to its massive 260 mm (10.25 inches worth) brake drums both front and rear. By this time, the horsepower had been upped to approximately 18, which wou

...sage) is a [[car body style]] similar to a [[sedan]], but with an extended rear cargo area. ...[Vista Cruiser]] (1964–1972) and Buick Sportwagon (1964–1970) on which the rear roof section was slightly elevated and combined with four skylights; the "s

| Rear suspension || [[Live axle]], [[leaf spring]]s and friction dampers | Rear suspension || [[Live axle]], [[leaf spring]]s and hydraulic dampers

...system operates the regular brakes on the front axle and possibly one rear axle. Both systems supply air to the trailer, if there is one. The first system ...system. If one air system is very low on pressure, either the front or the rear brakes will not be operating fully. This means it will take you longer to s

...tractor is a simple open vehicle with two very large driving wheels on an axle below and slightly behind a single seat (the seat and [[steering]] wheel co ...right wheel braking augments the steering of the tractor when only the two rear wheels are driven. This is usually done when it is necessary to make a tigh

...uced to 1200mm as the car received larger wheels in its later version. The rear track received the same treatment going from 1225mm to 1160mm. The spoked w

...tually completely behind the front axle and resulted in a perfect front-to-rear weight distribution. ...at the push of a button. The middle panel can be removed (by hand) and the rear top and window can then be rotate down into the bodywork.

| Rear track || 63.8&nbsp;in (1620&nbsp;mm) ...aquaplaning due to the front axle set clearing the road for the following axle set.

Citroën first introduced this system in [[1954]] on the rear suspension of the [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]]. The first fu * 1954 [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]] 15H: Rear suspension, using [[LHS]] hydraulic fluid.

...T 2+2 had an [[independent suspension]] in the rear rather than the [[live axle]] of the 365 California.

*Transmission - Rear-wheel drive shaft drive gear Spiral, clutch disc single *Brakes - Front and rear drum with foot pedal, lever on the transmission.

...at the front and a [[live axle]] with [[limited slip differential]] at the rear. [[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]

...ni Miura|Miura]], the Daytona was a traditional [[FR layout|front-engined, rear-drive]] car. Customers were disappointed that Ferrari stuck with this layo The 5-speed [[manual transmission]] was mounted in the rear for optimal weight distribution, and a 4-wheel [[independent suspension]] f

...[Solex]] [[carburetter]], three-speed manual [[transmission]], [[live rear axle]], four-wheel [[drum brakes]]. [[Wheelbase]]: 122" (3,100mm)

...is braking, the downward load on the front tires increases and that on the rear decreases, with corresponding change in their ability to take sideways load In steady-state cornering, front heavy cars tend to [[understeer]] and rear heavy cars to [[oversteer]], all other things being equal. The [[mid-engine

...cylinder engine, four-speed manual gearbox, solid front axle and live rear axle with semi-elliptic leaf springs, four-wheel mechanical brakes. Wheelbase: 1

...with aluminium bonnet, doors and bootlid together with plexiglass side and rear windows. ...ater versions has all steel bodyshells and no spare wheel hatch and larger rear lights.

...light at 720 kg (1590 lb) and handled well with a modern [[de Dion tube]] rear suspension. ...60 Monza and featured coil springs all around, though the live axle in the rear was retained rather than the more modern de Dion tube. The 680 kg (1500 lb

...light at 720 kg (1590 lb) and handled well with a modern [[de Dion tube]] rear suspension. ...60 Monza and featured coil springs all around, though the live axle in the rear was retained rather than the more modern de Dion tube. The 680 kg (1500 lb

...ive, overpriced and too large. Other criticisms include the lack of trunk, rear window, spare tire and [[radio]]. ...being very long, wider than a [[Hummer H2]] and combined with the lack of rear window, it makes parking very difficult.The totally [[Carbon fiber reinforc

...ritics also attacked the car's excessive weight and its semi-rigid rear [[axle]], which was seen as a step backwards from the acclaimed set-up used in the ...guided cruise control option; it included sensors in the front bumper and rear of the car to adjust the speed of the car according to other vehicles' spee

*Front and rear half elliptic leaf spring suspension **Front : beam axle with leaf springs

...roduced Ferrari's "[[transaxle]]" concept, where the transmission and rear axle are integrated. ...he Cobra. Even leaning on the 275 GTB/C would dent the body and the entire rear section was reinforced by fiberglass to prevent it from flexing at the slig

...e car in direct competition with Porsche. It is difficult to guess why the rear-heavy Porsche has been the more successful of the two. The rear suspension was independent with upper and lower leaf springs, like the fron

[[Image:Brake.agr.jpg|thumb|V-brake on rear wheel of a mountain bike]] ...ubber tires. These were generally equipped with a front spoon brake and no rear brake, although with no free wheel, back-pedalling was an option. This was

...evised the shape of the wings, fitted extra brightwork and added front and rear bumpers. ...ing the car was a major undertaking. The rear axle now passed through the rear frame rather than riding under it, and a [[dry-sump]] lubrication system wa

...along the door towards the rear and ends at the broad shoulders above the rear wheel. The triangle - like the one around the door handle - is a recurring ...r outlets behind the front wheels and the large air inlets in front of the rear wheels. These compartments house components such as the radiators for cooli

.... Measuring only 3.22&nbsp;m (126 in) long, it was the first [[rear engine|rear-engined]] Fiat and cost the equivalent of about €&nbsp;6,700 or US$&nbsp; ...ersions a front-mounted radiator or oil cooler is needed to complement the rear-mounted radiator. All models of the 600 had generators with mechanical exte

...is a 4WD/AWD that powers the front via a [[viscous coupling unit]] if the rear slips.]] ...able center differential, with [[Torsen]] differentials for both front and rear.]]

...rear drum brake. Dry weight was 135&nbsp;kg and it had 18in rims front and rear with 3.00 and 3.25 tyres. Wheelbase was 1430&nbsp;mm. ...fibreglass fuel tanks, 30&nbsp;mm Amal carburettors, and twin leading shoe rear brakes.

! Suspension (rear) | Front {{Auto in|55|0}}, Rear {{Auto in|53|0}}

| Rear suspension || [[Live axle]], [[leaf spring]]s and friction dampers ...e of [[roller bearing]]s for the [[crankshaft]], forged (rather than cast) rear suspension components, and the chassis was designed to run with [[hydraulic

...model was introduced, as a twin seater version of the 8C-35 GP racer, with rear-mounted gearbox and full independent suspension. The 8C2900A was also a rac |Layout|| Multi-plate clutch at engine, four-speed rear transaxle.

...i chief [[Alejandro de Tomaso]] and his design staff in 1976. This was a [[rear wheel drive]] car, powered by a large V8 engine. It was important to ''de T ...0.31 [[coefficient of drag|cd]]), and featured Gandini's trademark angular rear wheel arch.

...pen cockpit, open wheel race cars that have substantial wings at front and rear, and position the engine behind the driver. The regulations governing the c ...mework; being bolted to the cockpit at the front end, and transmission and rear suspension at the back end.

...ies, then the front wheel suspensions for coaches, and even a DE DION rear axle on the coach Monocar 101 and 102 SBH, state of art in the development of th

...ur-cylinder, side valve, water-cooled engine mounted in front of the front axle, and so was a full-scale car rather than a [[cyclecar]]. (The radiator was In 1955 the mid-size rear wheel drive [[Fiat 600]] was launched by Fiat and that would become the des

...Coupé and Spyder a 48/52% weight distribution between the front and rear [[axle]]s. ...nose-diving when braking. The suspension system is completed by front and rear [[sway bar|anti-roll bars]].

...rsion-bar springing all round - independent at the front, live axle at the rear with an excellent Panhard rod location, and a very aerodynamic body. This w [[Image:Jowett-hatchback.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Hatchback and moveable rear seats are a very modern feature. It is a two-three seating arrangement with

*Independent front suspension, rear suspension via live axle and semi-elliptical leaf springs

| Suspension (rear) || [[De Dion tube]] ...rum brake]]s, wishbone independent front suspension and a [[De Dion tube]] axle. It was built by [[Gioacchino Colombo]], [[Vittorio Bellentani]] and [[Albe

...he balance of glass and metal, the influence of the shape of the front and rear glass on the shape of the cabin, and the flat grille with incorporated head ...rings. [[Air conditioning]] and a [[limited slip differential|limited slip rear differential]] were optional on the later models.

...echanicals &ndash; with its two-cylinder, air cooled engine mounted in the rear &ndash; but featured a completely new stylish body designed by [[Luigi Rapi ...eption of Citroen- usually McPherson struts at the front and a "dead" rear axle. Indeed Peugeot in facelifting their 305 range on the early 1980s switched

...d [[torsion bar]]s at the front and a [[De Dion tube|de Dion beam]] at the rear. The Alfetta was renewed in 1979 with a revised frontend, new wheel rims an ...xle meant there was no transmission tunnel linking the gearbox to the rear axle- thus helping interior space.

...ystem, fog lamps mounted in the front spoiler, discreet 4WD badging on the rear hatch, small side skirts and two raised air intakes on the bonnet (hood). T ...central differential. At the rear wheels is a [[Torsen]] (torque sensing) rear differential.

...ly simple car was also evident in the rear suspension, which used a [[dead axle]] suspended on [[leaf spring]]s. Later versions of the car added various me ...e the Panda's "utility car" role. Examples include a 7-position adjustable rear seat which could be folded flat to make a bed, or folded into a V shape to

| Layout || [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]] ...lling what was a front-drive power unit in a midship position to drive the rear wheels."</blockquote></div>''Unlisted Author.'' (1974), 'Drive an X 1/9 and

| Platform || [[FR layout|FR]]/[[Rear-wheel drive|RWD]] | Rear Track ||

...chnology: a hand-welded tube frame, A-arm front suspension and a live-axle rear end, [[disc brake]]s, Borrani wire wheels. The five-speed gearbox was a ste

...rear hub is separable at rubber buffer level, so to permit to keep out the rear wheel without to remove the chain. ...re of the particulars how the use of directional indicators embeded in the rear optical group or the warning light of neutral position included on headligh

...practice for both the front and rear axles of a car. They also developed rear transaxles which were fitted to the Aurelia and Flaminia ranges. ...arbox was bolted to the underside of the car. The box section to which the rear of the subframe was mounted could corrode badly causing the subframe to bec

...victory at the 1947 [[Mille Miglia]]. It is easily identified by its large rear fins, twin windscreens and usual Italian blood red paint scheme. ...transverse [[leaf spring]], semi-elliptical leaf spring and [[live axle]] rear [[suspension]]

[[Image:F 599 009.JPG|thumb|220px|left|Rear shot]] ...an Turismo Evoluzione, includes a modified set-up with stiffer springs and rear anti-roll bar as well as new calibration settings for the magneto-rheologic

[[#Brakes|Braking]] is controlled with a hand-lever and foot pedal (front and rear wheel, respectively). ...d two-cylinder engine, whose connecting rods directly drive a crank on the rear wheel. This machine predates the invention of the safety bicycle by many ye

...e no suspension (relying on chassis flex), and no differential (solid back axle). They are usually raced on scaled-down tracks, but are sometimes driven as ...or give way on a turn. If the chassis were not this way, the grip of the rear wheels would exceed the grip of the fronts, and the kart would not turn in

...lly made of [[cast iron]] or [[ceramic]], is connected to the wheel or the axle. To stop the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads (mounted in ...most passenger vehicles, though some retain the use of drum brakes on the rear wheels to keep costs and weight down as well as to simplify the provisions

...rward to help keep the center of gravity low and help it mate to the trans-axle. ...e is an anti-roll bar on each axle, the front one being adjustable. At the rear, stout driveshafts run parallel to the ground. This is straightforward, tra

| Rear Axle

|colspan=2|[[Image:AlfaRomeo 164 rear.jpg|280px|Alfa Romeo 164]] ...is continuously variable from 0 to 100%, so the car can be fully front- or rear-wheel-drive as conditions require. Torque is distributed between axles depe

|Suspension rear:&nbsp; || colspan="6" align="center" |Live Axle , trailing arms, coil springs, telescopic dampers

...a live axle located with double longitudinal semi-elliptic springs at the rear. Drum brakes and worm and sector steering were the norm. The dry-sump 3.0 ...sefulness with its small grille and compact tail complete with a panoramic rear window. [[Carrozzeria Vignale]]'s open [[barchetta]] also broke new stylin

...being left over of the motor - mounted nearly to jolt regarding the front axle - concurs a good total habitability, while the occupants of the posterior p ...the Nozzle), but it is distinguished seteticamente for the widening of the rear window and the passing of the ribbing centers them “to crest” on the ro

...most had to wedge a trend down-force act to increase the grip of the front axle. The projectors were partially recessed into the fenders, a solution to thi ...ut the year. He rode the front tires 195 x 14 "tires on 8 x 14", while the rear tires 225 x 14 "tires on 10 x 14". The cost of the car excluding the regist

...diately following a collision. [[Toughened glass|Tempered glass]] side and rear windows break into granules with minimally sharp edges, rather than splinte ...the impact force on the vehicle occupants. Vehicles will include a front, rear and maybe side crumple zones (like Volvo SIPS) too.

...small package. The chassis was typical Ferrari tubular, with a solid rear axle, coil springs and anti sway bar. Up front, twin wishbones were controlled b

...gear box with the differential in a combined unit mounted across the rear axle. In 1957, following the success of [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]]'s [[Jaguar C-type ..., but track and ride height were modified, and the car received an altered rear [[suspension (mechanical)|suspension]] geometry. The engine was further dev

...sense. His system employed a pair of treadle drives connected by rods to a rear wheel crank, rather like a steam locomotive's driveshaft. Although the desi ...nd Shergold solved this problem by introducing the ''chain'' and producing rear-wheel drive. These models were known as ''dwarf safeties'', or ''safety bic

...oves tires between the different wheels of the vehicle as front and back [[axle]]s carry different loads and thus the tires wear differently. ...Routine maintenance including [[tire rotation]], exchanging the front and rear tires with each other, is often done periodically to even out tire wear. T

...GT3 RS and a [[Nissan Z33]]. On Sunday morning, the #99 Audi needed a rear axle change, and with less than 5 hours to go, also the second place #2 Audi fai

...out gun barrels behind the front indicators, the bullet shield behind the rear window and a 3-way revolving front number plate showing "GOLD FINGER" or "J ...is books. It included switches to alter the type of color of the front and rear lights, reinforced steel bumpers, a Colt .45 pistol in a trick compartment

...van Petegem]] in 2004 was a Time. The distance from bottom bracket to rear axle was 419mm rather than his normal 403. The distance from the bottom bracket