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[[Image:Chassis_with_suspension_and_exhaust_system.jpg|thumb|right|Motor vehicle chassis with its suspension, exhaust system, and steering box]] ...bject, analogous to an [[animal]]'s [[skeleton]], for example in a [[motor vehicle]] or a [[firearm]].

==Vehicle axles== ...serve one or more of the following purposes depending on the design of the vehicle:

...l, or national [[laws]]. Some countries require the operator to obtain a [[commercial driver's license]]. ...including the [[continuously variable transmission]] installed in [[hybrid vehicle]]s that are powered partly by an [[internal combustion engine]], and partly

...It is a [[subsidiary]] of the [[Fiat Group]], and produces around 200,000 commercial vehicles and 460,000 diesel engines annually, and for the year ended [[2003 ...hicle '''''CO'''''rporation, an alliance among leading European commercial vehicle manufacturers such as [[Fiat]] (including [[Officine Meccaniche]] and [[Lan

...and then, since 1991, with the electrification of light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles for transport. All the know-how is Micro-Vett original. ...in Italy (beyond 2000) and the second in Europe; it is the only electrical vehicle sold in series.

|Products || [[Commercial vehicle]]s, [[Diesel]] engines ...It is a [[subsidiary]] of the [[Fiat Group]], and produces around 200,000 commercial vehicles and 460,000 diesel engines annually, and for the year ended 2007 t

|Class || [[Off-road vehicle]] ...Rover Defender]] at the utility end of the 4x4 market. The Iveco UK light vehicle product manager Jon Stokes announced that pricing of the Massif in the UK w

...[[automobile]]s by their relative [[length]]s and [[volume]]s. Widely used vehicle size classes include: Vehicle segments in Europe don't have formal characterization or regulations. Model

In a [[vehicle]], the term '''drivetrain''' or '''powertrain''' refers to the group of com ...of a vehicle, after the transmission, that changes depending on whether a vehicle is [[front wheel drive]], [[four wheel drive]], or [[rear wheel drive]].

...''the Sulky'', produced by 1971: a three-wheeled vehicle that had achieved commercial success. ...driving without a licence. Over the years many thousands of copies of this vehicle were produced.

...me for such things as lights and [[radiator]]s. It extends from the first commercial [[automobile]]s marketed in the 1890s down to about [[World War I]]. These * [[Baker Motor Vehicle|Baker Motor Vehicle Company]] ([[Cleveland, Ohio]])

A '''regenerative brake''' is a mechanism that reduces [[vehicle]] speed by converting some of its [[kinetic energy]] into electrical energy ...ly system]]. In [[Battery electric vehicle|battery electric]] and [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid electric]] vehicles, the energy is stored in a [[battery (electricit

...973]], obtaining good appreciation of the press, immediately followed by a commercial success, as well attractiveness of the products, was also encouraged by the ...inuous updates. His job opportunities are manifold: as the auxiliary motor vehicle, boat or car.

...ion of [[bicycle]]s, and along with cars, manufactured [[motorcycles]] and commercial [[vehicles]]. The S1 was launched in 1915. It was a two-seater utility vehicle with a 1244cc engine.

...0px|thumb|'''The Moretti 350 Cita of built from 1948 to 1949: on board the vehicle, the manufacturer, Giovanni Moretti''']] ...s times including [[motorcycles]], [[microcars]], and several [[commercial vehicle]].

...b|right|300px|'''1938 Bertoli Pentaro Autoarticolato 300 cc 3HP, this wild vehicle had an enormous payload of 2000 kg (4409 lbs)''' [http://www.officinebertol ...s destined to play a determining factor in the motorization of [[Italian]] commercial and industrial vehicles.

...cars owing to weight and cost advantages. An advanced technology [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] car using drum rear brakes is the [[Toyota]] [[Prius]]. (Hybrid ve ...s can be used to make a very powerful brake (as on the rear axles of large commercial vehicles), but it does reduce the ability of the driver to modulate the bra

...and built by the EFFEDI Automotive Group, Italy's third largest commercial vehicle manufacturer. ...the driving and seating position, and the high visibility windscreen. The vehicle's height, its bright colours and the third stop-light position guarantee it

...engine in various cylinder capacities, the Tipo 2 was made in both car and commercial forms, the latter with a straight frame instead of the in swept and up swep ...3, though the flood of war surplus trucks such as this one had reduced new vehicle sales to a trickle.

| Class || [[Light commercial vehicle|LCV]] ...is basically a normal Scudo van with rear seats and windows, is a popular vehicle of choice of taxi drivers, as their size can accommodate up to seven people

...forms of the automatic brake, thus, its use was expanded to include [[road vehicle]]s. ...ervice brakes on the towing vehicle will be capable of stopping the towing vehicle."

...e and transmission speeds. When shifting up on a non-synchroniser equipped vehicle, the [[clutch]] pedal is pressed, the [[throttle]] is released, and the gea Although double clutching is a testing requirement when obtaining a commercial driver license, many experienced truckers will float gears or slip shift, t

...c]] propulsion, creating a [[battery electric vehicle]]. In some cases the vehicle may be built by the converter, or assembled from a [[kit car]], and vehicle ...en built by two separate manufacturers. The result is a standard, complete vehicle.

...ricyclo]] steam vehicle. In [[1890]], with an improved version of the same vehicle that could travel from Paris to [[Lyons]]. <br> [[Image:VEHICLEShalf.jpg|thumb|left|250px|'''1904 Serpollet Commercial vehicle lineup''']]

'''1950 ''' The Fifties were characterized by important commercial developments, such as a search for outlets in foreign markets, not only in ...ups and production tools, to a more complex range of activities, including vehicle design and prototype construction.

...lants, as is common in electric trains; from chemical energy stored on the vehicle in batteries or diesel fuel; from nuclear energy, on nuclear submarines and ...o]]s, [[tram]]s, [[train]]s and [[trolleybus]]es. A hypothetical electric vehicle design is [[Personal rapid transit]], a cross between cars and trains optim

...they turned to various vehicles including cars, ambulances, hearses, light commercial vehicles etc. ...s structure (later some steel panels were used), it was an open, jeep like vehicle. It was built in some numbers, including for export.

...tural technique especially for large roof spans in [[modernism|modernist]] commercial and industrial buildings. * [[Frame (vehicle)]]

...m 1926 to WWII under Ceirano management producing Aurea spares and Ceirano Commercial vehicles (not cars). Factory was bombed and lost in @ 1941 (supposed date). * Series 400 - 1 remnant vehicle in Australia, NSW; One ex Australian vehicle now being driven in UK.

* An optional letter (or letters) indicating the intended use or vehicle class for the tire * C (commercial) - Tires for light trucks (Example: 185 R14 C)

...n why a [[differential (mechanics)|differential]] is used in virtually all commercial cars.</small> ...tch or improve on the performance of a typical driver with an ABS-equipped vehicle. However, for a majority of drivers, in most conditions, in typical states

| Class || [[Light commercial vehicle|LCV]] | Video || '''Fiat Ducato Commercial'''

An '''electric vehicle''', or EV, is a [[vehicle]] with one or more [[electric motor]]s for propulsion. The motion may be p The [[energy]] used to propel the vehicle may be obtained from several sources:

...Moreover, in their own way, were the artists, creators, certainly not for commercial or technical pure and brought them only the creative phase, that of the fou ...t was an original and innovative initiative in the field of industrial and commercial vehicles, which stimulated the spread in Italy of the road haulage industry

:''This article refers to a 1990s–2000s commercial vehicle. For the 1970s–1980s small car of this name, see [[Fiat Ritmo]].''

Some x-by-wire technologies have been already installed on commercial vehicles such as steer-by-wire, and throttle-by-wire. Brake-by-wire technol ...high level brake functions such as [[anti-lock braking system]] (ABS) or [[vehicle stability control]] (VSC). These command signals are sent to the four elect

...t after by collectors and drag racers. These can be identified outside the vehicle by a noticeably narrower front pump spline. Externally there are no differe ...G-series (full size) vans. Today, the [[U.S. Army]] [[HUMVEE]] is the only vehicle using the THM400. The civilian [[Hummer H1]] originally had the 3L80s, but

...first Grand Prix race]]. His victory in the [[French Grand Prix]] and the commercial success of the race soon led to the establishing of other Grand Prix races ...rcedes-Benz|Mercedes]], Szisz was honored with the No.1 designation on his vehicle but an injury forced him out a little more than halfway through the race. E

...d only the context determines which type is meant. In particular, the only commercial producer of (pistonless) rotary engines as of 2005, Mazda, consistently ref ...lcolm Bricklin]] for use in place of the [[V8]] powering the Bricklin SV-1 vehicle, but never used.

...e introduced (the 18HP, 20-25HP and 30-40HP) as well as chassis' for light commercial vehicles for the military. Diatto 30 (1925)An expansion program led to the ...this March 2007. Zagato has since released Official Photos of the upcoming vehicle as of [[13 February]], [[2007]].

...driven by the engines directly, or by electrically driven pumps. In modern commercial aircraft these are electrically driven pumps, should all the engines fail i [[Category:Vehicle braking technologies]]

...'auto''' or '''[[rickshaw]]''' or '''tempo''' in popular parlance) is a [[vehicle for hire]] that is one of the chief modes of [[transport]] in [[India]], [[ ==Vehicle overview==

|Vehicle:||IM ...dustrial centre and has a more modern appearance. Both centres have small commercial and fishing ports.

...f]], [[hood (vehicle)|hood]], [[bumper]]s, [[windshield]] and/or [[fender (vehicle)|fenders]]), lowering it, modifying, [[Engine tuning|tuning]], or replacing ...many magazines that feature real hot rods, including The Rodders Journal. Commercial magazines include [[Hot Rod Magazine]], [[Street Rodder]], and [[Popular Ho

In the crankcase of a vehicle engine, the [[crankshaft]] [[Plain bearing|bearings]], and big ends of [[co ...y colored red to distinguish it from the motor oil and other fluids in the vehicle.

...e:DSCN1474.JPG|thumb|[[General Motors Sequel|Sequel]], a fuel cell powered vehicle from [[General Motors]]]] A '''hydrogen vehicle''' is a [[vehicle]], such as an [[automobile]] or [[aircraft]], which uses [[hydrogen]] as it

...nguished from a [[minivan]] ([[multi-purpose vehicle]]) or [[sport utility vehicle]] by still being a car, sharing its forward bodywork with other cars in a m ...he framing of the early station wagons were left unsheathed because of the commercial nature of the vehicles. Early station wagons were fixed roof vehicles, but

'''Automobile safety''' is the study and practice of [[Automobile|vehicle]] design, construction, and equipment to minimise the occurrence and conseq ...countless other job tasks. In these instances, the employer providing the vehicle generally plays a major role in setting safety, maintenance, and training p

...until control is regained. Electronic stability control does not improve a vehicle's cornering performance; rather it helps to minimize a loss of control. Th ...intended line through a corner; an onboard [[computer]] monitored several vehicle operating parameters through various sensors. When too much [[throttle]] ha

[[Image:abarth group 2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'''Abarth vehicle lineup''' [http://www.ferrariexperts.com/etceterini.htm <small>Source</smal * http://www.abarth.be : a non commercial website about the Abarth cars of [[Scuderia La Fortuna]]

An '''automobile''' is a [[wheel]]ed [[passenger]] [[vehicle]] that carries its own [[car engine|motor]]. Most definitions of the term ...r"—derived from similar words in French and much earlier Greek words—for a vehicle that moves, especially on wheels, that was applied to [[chariot]]s, small c

...ring]]. The eurovans share mechanicals and body structure with Sevel light commercial vans, [[Citroën Jumpy|Citroën Jumpy (Dispatch)]], [[Fiat Scudo]] and [[Pe ...n minivans they had sliding rear side doors, a trait they share with their commercial siblings. In spite of the fact that the Voyager also came in the "Grand" ve

...cocca and [[DaimlerChrysler]] agreed that his fees, plus a $1 donation per vehicle sold from [[July 1]] through [[December 31]], [[2005]], would be donated to ...aughter<ref>[http://entertainment.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?news=198057 2005 commercial article]</ref>, as many people think.

...sting vehicles to provide enough [[crumple zone]] between the front of the vehicle and the engine, and between the engine and the passenger cell. In addition ...r in the Golf and Bora for European markets. The VR6 name was dropped as a commercial designation, and the 4WD system (4Motion) was now standard on the V6 in Eur

...ssenger car production was halted the following year. However, O.M.-badged commercial and military vehicles were built until the late 1960s.[http://www.rmauction ...he following year, passenger car production ceased. OM became a commercial vehicle manufacturer.

...ion, but rather to focus on [[bicycle]]s, [[motorcycle]]s and [[commercial vehicle]]s. ...eted as a "second vehicle in the household", and a luxurious "recreational vehicle", also being targeted at affluent middle-class women, it mirrored the incre

...ns involves finding the right compromise. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front This article is primarily about four-wheeled (or more) vehicle suspension. For information on two-wheeled vehicles suspensions see the [[S

...within a context of great creative freedom made possible by the absence of commercial constraints. [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Italy]]

...ough the [[windshield]] gasket, plague that had once involved other Fiat's vehicle, especially [[Alfa Romeo 33|Alfa 33]], which in rainy condition used to car ...with the Regata and later the [[Fiat Marea|Marea]]), that represented the commercial version of Tempra, with no rear seats and registered as a truck. Last in or

...until around [[1970]] by Ford licensees around the world, mostly powering commercial vehicles. After [[World War II]], greater vehicle size meant that the straight-6 became increasingly underpowered, while lowe

...diminutive size, the 500 proved to be an enormously practical and popular vehicle throughout Europe. Besides the two-door coupé, it was also available as th ...nal model also features a roof folding all the way back to the rear of the vehicle, like that of a [[Citroën 2CV|2CV]] rather than the later roof design whic

...ly the [[context]] determines which type is meant. In particular, the only commercial producer of (pistonless) rotary engines [[as of 2005]], [[Mazda]], consiste ...m Bricklin]] for use in place of the [[V8]] powering the [[Bricklin SV-1]] vehicle, but never used.[http://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/heritage/bricklin/Rotary.h

...ety. Moreover, in their way, were the artists, creators, certainly not the commercial or technical, and they only attract the creative phase, that of the foundat ...o prevent the rise of the powder to the passage of carriages and cars. The vehicle is certainly effective, and is adopted by the municipalities of Rome and Tu

...ynamics]] of the vehicle) and in function &mdash; especially for improving vehicle [[crashworthiness]] and in weight reduction to improve mileage. In the field of [[scale model]]ing (which includes [[model railroad]]ing, vehicle modeling, airplane modeling, military modeling, etc.), a prototype is the r

...three-wheeler]] truck. This was an unorthodox and initially strange little vehicle but a very good design. ...e redevelopment of its factories to civilian production had given the huge commercial success for scooters with wheels as tall as the [[Moto Guzzi Galletto]]. [[

...h prototypes for CVT have been around for decades, it is just now reaching commercial practicability. ...anual transmissions. In most cars (except US family, luxury, sport-utility vehicle, and minivan models) they have usually been extra-cost options for this rea

...ts)|Ghost Rider]]'', and more extensively in Nissan's [[Nissan 350Z|350Z]] commercial "The Run". Comments from Lelouch prove that the vehicle that carried the camera was his [[Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9]]. A picture was

...the wet roads and the tire surface, which would cause [[Hydroplaning (road vehicle)|hydroplaning]], substantially reducing traction. However, if the road is d ...''tubeless tire''). This method, however, tends to fail desperately if the vehicle is used on rough roads as a small bend on the rim (metal wheel) will result

...high temperature ratings of at least 120°C (250°F), and are widely used in commercial, industrial and residential applications. Polyester and glass fibres can be ...ly a pleated-paper filter that is placed in the outside-air intake for the vehicle's passenger compartment. Some of these filters are rectangular and similar

After acquiring [[Zastava]] in autumn 2008, Fiat continued production of this vehicle under the brandname Fiat Punto Classic in March, 2009. ...environment. It is built also with a diesel 1.3 [[MultiJet|Multijet]] 16 commercial model.

...ould open or with a canopy type top (an absolute novelty in this type of [[vehicle]]). With the name "pulci of the desert", the company founded by [[Adriano G ...192 cc engine, clothed with a body made of fiberglass panels. It was a big commercial success due to the quality and price. The car was sold in kit that is alrea

...lso to take part at the age sport races for to give promotional support at commercial bike. Born a special model that we can call "derived by production", compet ...n Arco to made integrally the bike, in Vizzola was decided to assemble the vehicle derived from an existing model. Take an agreement with German NSU factory,

...In time, four-wheeled versions with the driver sitting on the front of the vehicle were produced. The company became the '''British Anzani Group''', and was t *[http://britishanzani.com Commercial site]

==== Light commercial vehicles ==== * [[Lancia IZ]] (1912) ''armored vehicle''

...s must have been made by the original vehicle manufacturer and offered for commercial sale to the public in new condition - cars modified by either professional ...t for retail sale to consumers for their personal use on public roads - no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible

! Film !! Vehicle !! Owner !! Notes ! Novel !! Vehicle !! Owner !! Notes

...or even a fire engine. The ''Autocarro'' was an extremely popular type of vehicle in Italy, and numerous manufacturers produced some variant of the type. [[I ...f [[São Paulo]]. The Isetta was chosen because it was considered an ideal vehicle for use in the cities by virtue of its size and economy. Released in Septem

...ut are readily identifiable on the X1/9. The long flat [[bonnet]] ([[Hood (vehicle)|hood]]) with central indentation, the large front overhang, the wedge shap ...ed with this code (X1/1) was released as the FIAT 128 in 1969; other known vehicle-codes are shown in the table below. Though originally envisioned as the '12

...d the desert Sahara in [[1938]]. The demonstration turns into an immediate commercial success. ...mpetition. At that time, as still, the races were an important promotional vehicle for Remondini, an important system for testing. With both private and offic

...g blunted by its own low inertial mass, plus that of the engine and entire vehicle), a layout kept for the entire lifespan of the model. Being a two/plus/two- ...drive shafts, in conjunction with [[MacPherson strut]] front [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]]. Rack and pinion steering and [[disc brake]]s on the front wh

...., Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. and Fiat Light Commercial Vehicles S.p.A. These companies are fully owned by Fiat Group Automobiles S Before being bought by [[Fiat]], [[Alfa Romeo]] always had a daring commercial policy, constantly experimenting with new solutions and using them in its s

..., more than 70 million motor vehicles, including [[car]]s and [[commercial vehicle]]s were produced worldwide. ...uate their private vehicle usage. Roughly half of the US's fifty one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years with the loss

In summary, the vehicle operator opens the engine's throttle (right pedal), atmospheric pressure fo One of the first commercial gasoline injection systems was a mechanical system developed by [[Robert Bo

...ntake port velocities and frictional losses, but is attained by commercial vehicle engines, like the Honda S2000, [[BMW S54B32|BMW E46 M3's S54B32]] with 24.5

...ctive horsepower'' is the power converted to useful work. In the case of a vehicle this is the power actually turned into forward motion. ...cial power measuring unit, but in situations where horsepower was used for commercial and advertising purposes, it continued to be used, as customers are not fam

...fined or banned by the authorities. The costs can also be prohibitive with vehicle recovery, track closure penalties and armco repairs putting some unfortunat ==Commercial aspects==

...ed States]] where a customer can purchase several laps around a track in a vehicle very similar to [[open wheel racing]] vehicles, but powered by a small [[Cu

...London]]. We can assume a name change occurred when Johnson patented his vehicle and named it “pedestrian curricle” or “velocipede,” but the public The first mechanically-propelled 2-wheel vehicle was believed to have been built by [[Kirkpatrick MacMillan]], a Scottish bl

...esigned specifically for [[rallying]], and was entirely different from the commercial Delta in terms of construction and performance. ...al accelerations to deliver braking pulses appropriate to each side of the vehicle. Loss of control over ground with uneven grip can thus be prevented. The se

; Aston Martin DB5 : This Q-Branch edition vehicle contains the following modifications ...pposed fake filming of a moon landing in a SPECTRE lab. Bond hotwires this vehicle and escapes the guards of the lab. It includes robotic arms which Bond uses

...humacher]] won the World Championship for five years in a row. The massive commercial interests of car companies and team sponsors are also at odds with the dema ...dly worn tyre caused by a flat spot led [[Kimi Räikkönen]]'s [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] to break at high speed. The infamous [[2005 United States Gra

...00px|'''Ilario and his brother Gualtiero (Walter) with their first wheeled vehicle.''']] ...uro|'''1100 ''siluro''''']], featuring torpedo-like bodywork and [[Fender (vehicle)|cycle fender]]s (separate mudguards). The car still used the same Fiat eng

...on Bologna gained importance for its cultural role and became an important commercial, industrial and communications hub; its population began to grow again and .... It has also shown a strong commitment to promoting music as an important vehicle for inclusion in the fight against racism and in an effort to encourage eco

...were borrowed from contemporary road cars. Some, like active [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]], were primarily developed for the track and later made their ...nt advertisement on their team clothing and car livery. The only remaining commercial engine manufacturer is [[Cosworth]].

...ntroducing electronic driver aids, whose use spread rapidly. [[Suspension (vehicle)#Passive.2C Semi Active.2C and Active Suspensions|Active suspension]], (pio ...were enforced as to the minimum and maximum tolerances for aspects of the vehicle (such as the size of the cockpit opening, an idea well known in [[Champ Car

...the 2009 Constructors' Champion, [[Brawn GP]], was bought by German motor vehicle manufacturer [[Mercedes-Benz]] and was renamed as [[Mercedes GP]]. The 2010 ...new [[Concorde Agreement]] directly with [[CVC Capital Partners|CVC]], the commercial rights holders, led to the eventual end of the dispute with its signing by