Difference between revisions of "Genoa"

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:''For alternate uses see [[Genoa (disambiguation)]].''
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{{X}}
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{| border=1 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=4 style="float:right; margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:250px; background:#505050; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #999; font-size:83%; line-height:1.5; " summary="Infobox Automobile"
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|- style="text-align:center; background:#505050;"
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| colspan=2 style="padding:0; background:#333333; color:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Image:Genova-Stemma2.png|140px|center]]
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|- style="color:#fff; background:darkred; font-size:larger;"
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! colspan=2 |'''Genoa'''
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|-
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|City:||Comune di Genova
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|-
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|Region:||[[Liguria]]
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|-
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|Province:||[[Province of Genoa|Genoa]] (GE)
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|-
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|Altitude:||20
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|-
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|Area cityproper:||243
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|-
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|Population as of:||[[2006]]
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|-
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|Population density:||620,316
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|-
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|Population density metric:||2,553
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|-
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|Timezone:||[[Central European Time|CET]], [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1
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|-
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|Frazioni:||[[Acquasanta]], [[Vesima]]
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|-
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|Telephone:||010
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|-
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|Postal code:||16100
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|-
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|Gentilic:||Genovesi
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|-
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|Saint:||[[St. John the Baptist]]
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|-
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|Day:||[[June 24]]
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|-
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|Mayor:||[[Giuseppe Pericu]] (since [[2005-05-30]])
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|-
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|colspan=2|[[Image:Genova posizione.png|230px|center]]
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|-
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|Website:||[http://www.comune.genova.it www.comune.genova.it]
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|}
  
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{{ITdot|Genova}}
 
  
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[[Image:it-genoa.gif|75px|thumb|left|Flag of Genoa]]
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'''Genoa''' ('''''Genova''''' [{{IPA|'dʒɛːnova}}] in [[Italian language|Italian]], '''''Zena''''' [{{IPA|'zeːna}}] in [[Genoese dialect|Genoese]], '''Genua''' in Latin and, archaically, in English) is a [[city]] and a [[seaport]] in northern [[Italy]], the capital of the [[Province of Genoa]] and of the [[region]] of [[Liguria]]. The city has a population of ca. 620,000 and the urban area has a population of ca. 890,000. ''Genua'' was a city of the ancient [[Ligures|Ligurians]]. Its name is probably [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]], meaning "knee" (from [[Ancient Greek]] ''gony'' "knee"), i.e. "angle", from its geographical position, thus akin to the name of [[Geneva]]. Or it could derive from the Celtic root genu-, genawa (pl. genowe), meaning "mouth", i.e., estuary. Part of the old city of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below).
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[[Image:colombus_genoa.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Aquaverde]]
 
  
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'''Genoa''' ([[Italian language|Italian]] ''Genova'', [[Genoese dialect|Genoese]] ''Zena'', [[French language|French]] ''Gênes'', German ''Genua'', Spanish ''Genova'') is a [[city]] and a [[seaport]] in northern [[Italy]], the capital of the [[Province of Genoa]] and of the [[region]] of [[Liguria]]. The city has a population of ca. 600,000, the metropolitan area has a population of ca. 800,000.
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==Flag==
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[[Image:Flag of Genoa.png|200px|thumb|left|Flag of Genoa.]]
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The flag of Genoa is the [[St. George]]'s flag, a red cross on a lime white field, almost identical to the [[Flag of England]]. It is probable that the flag of Genoa was adopted by [[England]] and the [[City of London]] in [[1190]] so their ships entering the Mediterranean would benefit from the protection of the powerful Genoese fleet. However, historians agree that the actual origins of the flag are unclear (''Encyclopaedia Britannica'').
  
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''Genua'' was a city of the ancient [[Ligures|Ligurians]]. Its name is probably [[Ligurian language|Ligurian]], meaning "knee" (from [[Proto-Indo-European]] *''genu'' 'knee'), i.e. "angle", from its geographical position, thus akin to the name of [[Geneva]]. Alternatively, the name has been claimed to derive from [[Latin (language)|Latin]] ''Janua'' ("gate"), the two-headed god [[Janus (mythology)|Janus]], or an ancient word that means "foreigners", as the early settlers were considered foreign by the neighbouring population.
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==History==
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===Ancient era and early Middle Ages ===
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Genoa's history goes back to ancient times. The first historically known inhabitants of the area are the [[Ligures]], an Italic tribe. The attribution of its foundation to [[Celts]] in 2500–2000 BC has been recently recognized as wrong.
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A city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries BC, testifies to the occupation of the site by the [[Greeks]], but the fine harbor probably was in use much earlier, perhaps by the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]]s. It is also probable that the [[Phoenicians]] had bases in Genoa, or in the nearby area, since an inscription with an alphabet similar to that used in [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] has been found.
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In the [[ancient Rome|Roman era]], Genoa was overshadowed by the powerful [[Marseille]] and ''Vada Sabatia'', near modern [[Savona]]. Different from other Ligures and Celt settlements of the area, it was allied to Rome through a ''foedus aequum'' ("Equal pact") in the course of the [[Second Punic War]]. It was therefore destroyed by the [[Carthaginians]] in [[209 BC]]. The town was rebuilt and, after the end of the Carthaginian Wars, received municipal rights. The original ''castrum'' thenceforth expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Genoese trades included skins, wood, and honey. Goods were shipped in the mainland up to important cities like [[Tortona]] and [[Piacenza]].
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After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], Genoa was occupied by the [[Ostrogoths]]. After the [[Gothic War (5th century)|Gothic War]], the Byzantines made it the seat of their vicar.  The [[Lombards]] submitted it in 643. In 773 the Lombard Kingdom was annexed by the [[Franks|Frank]] empire; the first Carolingian count of Genoa was Ademarus, who was given the title ''praefectus civitatis Genuensis''. Ademarus died in Corsica while fighting against the Saracens. In this period the Roman walls, destroyed by the Lombards, were rebuilt and extended.
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For the following several centuries, Genoa was little more than a small, obscure fishing center, slowly building its merchant fleet which was to become the leading commercial carrier of the Mediterranean Sea. The town was sacked and burned in 934 by Arab pirates but it was quickly rebuilt.
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In the 10th century the city, now part of the ''Marca Januensis'' ("Genoese Mark") was under the Obertenghi family, whose first member was Obertus I. Genoa was one of the first cities in Italy to have some citizenship rights granted by local feudataries.
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===Middle Ages and Renaissance===
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[[Image:Genova Porta Soprana.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Medieval gates of Genoa is a rare survival of the city's golden age and its best known landmark.]]
  
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==History==
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[[Image:colombus genoa.jpg|thumb|250px|Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Acquaverde.]]
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===Ancient history===
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[[Image:Genova-Porto antico-IMG 0299.JPG|thumb|250px|The Ancient Port of Genoa.]]
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Genoa's history goes back to ancient times. A city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., testifies to the occupation of the site by the [[Greeks]], but the fine harbor probably was in use much earlier, perhaps by the [[Etruscan]]s. Destroyed by the [[Carthaginians]] in [[209 BC]], the town was rebuilt by [[Rome]], under which the city enjoyed municipal rights and exported skins, wood, and honey. Although remaining faithful to Rome while other [[Ligurian]] and [[Celt|Celtic peoples]] of northern Italy stood by [[Carthage|Carthaginians]] in the [[Second Punic War]], its importance as a Roman port city was eclipsed by the rise of ''Vada Sabatia'', near modern [[Savona]].
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[[Image:Genova-Bigo del porto antico.JPG|thumb|250px|The big "bigo" in the ancient port.]]
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''Main article:'' [[Republic of Genoa]]
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Before [[1100]], Genoa emerged as an independent [[city-state]], one of a number of [[Italian city-states]] during this period. Nominally, the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]] was overlord and the [[Bishop of Genoa]] was president of the city; however, actual power was wielded by a number of "consuls" annually elected by popular assembly. Genoa was one of the so-called "Maritime Republics" (''[[Repubbliche Marinare]]''), along with [[Venice]], [[Pisa]], and [[Amalfi]]) and trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support one of the largest and most powerful navies in the [[Mediterranean]]. The [[Adorno (family)|Adorno]], [[Campofregoso]], and other smaller merchant families all fought for power in this [[Republic]], as the power of the consuls allowed each family faction to gain wealth and power in the city. The [[Republic of Genoa]] extended over modern [[Liguria]] and [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]], Sardinia, Corsica and had practically complete control of the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. Through Genoese participation on the [[Crusades]], colonies were established in the [[Middle East]], in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], in [[Sicily]] and Northern [[Africa]]. Genoese Crusaders brought home a green glass goblet from the [[Levant]], which Genoese long regarded as the [[Holy Grail]].
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The collapse of the [[Crusader States]] was offset by Genoa’s alliance with the [[Byzantine Empire]], which opened opportunities of expansion into the [[Black Sea]] and [[Crimea]]. Internal feuds between the powerful families, the [[Grimaldi]] and [[Fieschi]], the [[Doria]], Spinola, and others caused much disruption, but in general the republic was run much as a business affair. Genoa's political zenith came with its victory over the Duchy of [[Pisa]] at the naval [[Battle of Meloria (1284)|Battle of Meloria]] (1284), and its persistent rival, Venice, in 1298.
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However, this prosperity did not last. The [[Black Death]] was imported into Europe in 1349 from the Genoese trading post at [[Caffa]] ([[Theodosia]]) in  Crimea, on the Black Sea. Following the economic and population collapse, Genoa adopted the Venetian model of government, and was presided over by a [[doge]] (see [[Doge of Genoa]]). The wars with Venice continued, and the [[War of Chioggia]] ([[1378]]–[[1381]]), ended with a victory for Venice. After a period of French domination from 1394–1409, Genoa came under rule by the [[Visconti]] of [[Milan]]. Genoa lost Sardinia to [[Aragon]], Corsica to internal revolt and its Middle Eastern colonies to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the Arabs.
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[[Christopher Columbus]], a native of Genoa, donated one-tenth of his income from the discovery of the [[Americas]] for [[Spain]] to the [[Bank of San Giorgio]] in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods. The Spanish connection was reinforced by [[Andrea Doria]], who established a new constitution in 1528, making Genoa a satellite of the Spanish Empire. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many Genoese families amassed tremendous fortunes. At the time of Genoa’s peak in the 16th century, the city attracted many artists, including [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], [[Caravaggio]] and [[Van Dyck]]. The famed architect [[Galeazzo Alessi]] (1512–1572) designed many of the city’s splendid [[palazzo|palazzi]]. A number of [[Genoese Baroque and Rococo artists]] settled elsewhere and a number of local artists became prominent.
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Genoa suffered from French bombardment in 1684, and was occupied by [[Austria]] in 1746 during the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. In 1768, Genoa was forced to also cede Corsica to France.
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===Modern history===
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With the shift in world economy and trade routes to the New World and away from the Mediterranean, Genoa's political and economic power went into steady decline.
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In [[1797]], under pressure from [[Napoleon]], Genoa became a French protectorate called the [[Ligurian Republic]], which was annexed by France in [[1805]]. This affair is commemorated in the famous first sentence of [[Tolstoy]]'s ''[[War and Peace]]'':
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<blockquote>"Well, Prince, so Genoa and Lucca are now just family estates of the Buonapartes.(...) And what do you think of this latest comedy, the coronation at Milan, the comedy of the people of Genoa and Lucca laying their petitions [to be annexed to France] before Monsieur Buonaparte, and Monsieur Buonaparte sitting on a throne and granting the petitions of the nations?" (spoken by a throughly anti-Boanapartist Russian aristocrat, soon after the news reached [[St. Petersburg]]).</blockquote>
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Although the Genoese revolted against France in [[1814]] and liberated the city on their own, delegates at the [[Congress of Vienna]] sanctioned its incorporation into [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]] ([[Kingdom of Sardinia]]), thus ending the three century old struggle by the [[House of Savoy]] to acquire the city. The king of Piedmont even sent the Bersaglieri to sack the city, defining the Genoese as "scum". The city soon gained a reputation as a hotbed of anti-Savoy republican agitation, although the union with Savoy was economically very beneficial. With the growth of the [[Risorgimento]] movement, the Genoese turned their struggles from [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]'s vision of a local republic into a struggle for a unified [[Italy]] under a liberalized Savoy monarchy. In [[1860]], [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] set out from Genoa with over a thousand volunteers to begin the campaign. This is called the departure of the thousands and a monument is set on the rock where the group departed from.
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During [[World War II]] the British fleet bombarded Genoa and one bomb fell into the cathedral of San Lorenzo without exploding. It is now available to public viewing on the cathedral premises.
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The [[27th G8 summit]] in the city, in July [[2001]], was overshadowed by violent protests, with one protester, [[Carlo Giuliani]], killed amid accusations of police brutality. Trials of accused officials are ongoing [[as of 2007]].  
  
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After the fall of the [[Roman Empire]], Genoa was occupied by the [[Ostrogoths]] , then by the [[Lombards]]. For the following several centuries, Genoa was little more than a small, obscure fishing center.It then was ruled then by the Arabs and in that period it has flourished and gained many sciences and knowledges from the Arabs till it was abandoned after the fall of the [[Fatimid]] Empire.
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In [[2004]], the [[European Union]] designated Genoa as the [[European Capital of Culture]], along with the French city of [[Lille]].
  
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===Middle Ages & Renaissance===
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==Main sights==
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Before [[1100]], Genoa emerged as an independent [[city-state]]. Nominally, the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]] was overlord and the [[Bishop]] of Genoa was president of the city; however, actual power was wielded by a number of "consuls" annually elected by popular assembly. Genoa was one of the so-called "Maritime Republics" (''[[Repubbliche Marinare]]''), along with [[Venice]], [[Pisa]], and [[Amalfi]]) and trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support one of the largest and most powerful navies in the [[Mediterranean]]. The [[Republic of Genoa]] extended over modern [[Liguria]] and [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]], Sardinia, Corsica and had practically complete control of the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. Through Genoese participation on the [[Crusades]], colonies were established in the [[Middle East|Mideast]], in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] in [[Sicily]] and Northern [[Africa]]. Genoese Crusaders brought home a green glass goblet from the [[Levant]], which Genoese long regarded as the [[Holy Grail]].
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:''For a more extensive list, see [[:category:Buildings and structures in Genoa|Buildings and structures in Genoa]].
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{{X}}
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{| border=1 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=4 style="float:right; margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:250px; background:#505050; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #999; font-size:83%; line-height:1.5; " summary="Infobox Automobile"
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|- style="text-align:center; background:#505050;"
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| colspan=2 style="padding:0; background:#333333; color:#fff; border-bottom:1px solid #999;" |[[Image:Genova-DSCF7470.JPG|250px]]
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|- style="color:#fff; background:darkred; font-size:larger;"
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! colspan=2 |Genoa: ''Le Strade Nuove'' and the system of the ''Palazzi dei Rolli''
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|-
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| State Party || {{flagiconITA}}
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|-
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| Type        || Cultural
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|-
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| Criteria    || ii, iv
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|-
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| ID          || 1211
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|-
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| Region      || [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
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|-
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| Year        || 2006
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|-
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| Session    || 30th
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|-
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| Link        || http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1211
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|}
  
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The collapse of the [[Crusader States]] was offset by Genoa’s alliance with the [[Byzantine Empire]], which opened opportunities of expansion into the [[Black Sea]] and [[Crimea]]. Internal feuds between the powerful families, the [[Grimaldi]], [[Doria]], Spinola, and others caused much disruption, but in general the republic was run much as a business affair. Genoa's political zenith came with its victory over Pisa in 1284, and its persistent rival, Venice, in 1298.
 
  
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However, this prosperity did not last. The [[Black Death]] was imported into Europe in 1349 from the Genoese trading post at [[Kaffa]] ([[Feodosiya]]) in the Crimea, on the Black Sea. Following the economic and population collapse, Genoa adopted the Venetian model of government, and was presided over by a [[doge]] (see [[Doges of Genoa]]). The wars with Venice continued, and the [[War of Chioggia]] ([[1378]]-[[1381]]), ended with a victory for Venice. After a period of French domination from 1394-1409, Genoa came under rule by the [[Visconti]] of [[Milan]]. Genoa lost Sardinia to [[Aragon]], Corsica to internal revolt and its Middle Eastern colonies to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the Arabs.
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The main features of central Genoa include Piazza de Ferrari, around which are sited the Opera and the [[Palazzo Ducale, Genoa|Palace of the Doges]]. There is also a house where [[Christopher Columbus]] is said to have been born.
  
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[[Christopher Columbus]], a native of Genoa, donated one-tenth of his income from the discovery of the [[Americas]] for [[Spain]] to the [[Bank of San Giorgio]] in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods. The Spanish connection was reinforced by [[Andrea Doria]], who established a new constitution in 1528, making Genoa a satellite of the Spanish Empire. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many Genoese family amassed tremendous fortunes. At the time of Genoa’s peak in the 16th century, the city attracted many artists, including [[Rubens]], [[Caravaggio]], and [[Van Dyke]]. The famed architect [[Galeazzo Alessi]] (1512-1572) designed many of the city’s splendid [[palazzo]]. Genoa suffered from French bombardment in 1684, and was occupied by [[Austria]] in 1746 during the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. In 1768, Genoa was forced to cede Corsica to France.
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[[Strada Nuova]] (now Via Garibaldi), in the old city, was inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in 2006. This district was designed in the mid-16th century to accommodate Mannerist palaces of the city's most eminent families, including [[Palazzo Rosso]] (now a museum), [[Palazzo Bianco (Genoa)|Palazzo Bianco]], Palazzo Grimaldi and [[Palazzo Reale, Genoa|Palazzo Reale]]. The famous art college, Musei di Strada Nuova and the Palazzo del Principe are also located on this street.  
  
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[[Image:map-of-liguria-map.gif|thumb|left|300px|Map of Liguria showing Genoa (with permission of [http://www.big-italy-map.co.uk])]]
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Other landmarks of the city include [[St. Lawrence Cathedral]] (''Cattedrale di San Lorenzo''), the Old Harbor (''Porto Antico''), transformed into a mall by architect [[Renzo Piano]], and the famous [[cemetery of Staglieno]], renowned for its monuments and statues. The [[Museo d'Arte Orientale]] has one of the largest collections of Oriental art in Europe.
  
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===Later history===
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Other than the old city sights, Genoa also has a large [[aquarium]] located in the above-mentioned old harbor. The [[Aquarium of Genoa]] is one of the largest in [[Europe]].
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However, with the shift in world economy and trade routes to the New World and away from the Mediterranean, Genoa's political and economic power went into steady decline.
 
  
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In [[1797]], under pressure from [[Napoleon]], Genoa became a French protectorate called the [[Ligurian Republic]], which was annexed by France in [[1805]]. Although the Genoese revolted against France in [[1814]] and liberated the city on their own, delegates at the [[Congress of Vienna]] sanctioned its incorporation into [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]] ([[Kingdom of Sardinia]]), thus ending the three century old struggle by the [[House of Savoy]] to acquire the city. The city soon gained a reputation as a hotbed of anti-Savoy republican agitation, although the union with Savoy was economically very beneficial. With the growth of the [[Risorgimento]] movement, the Genoese turned their struggles from [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]'s vision of a local republic into a struggle for a unified [[Italy]] under a liberalized Savoy monarchy. In [[1860]], [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] set out from Genoa with a over a thousand volunteers to begin the campaign.
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The port of Genoa also contains an ancient [[lighthouse]], called [[La Lanterna]] (i.e., "the lantern"). It is the oldest working lighthouse in the world, one of the five tallest ones, and the tallest brick one and it is Genoa's landmark.
  
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Famous Genoese include [[Christopher Columbus]] (although his birthplace is disputed between Genoa and Portugal), [[Admiral]] [[Andrea Doria]], violinist [[Niccolò Paganini]] and Italian patriot [[Giuseppe Mazzini]].
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One of the most beautiful and pictoresque Genoese neighbourhood is [[Boccadasse]] in the east of the city.
  
 
==Demographics==
 
==Demographics==
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The population is quite homogenous [[Italian people|Italian]]. Southern and northern Italians alike have flocked to the city during the late 1900's. An estimated 95.3% of the population is of Italian origin. But there has been a sharp increase of [[immigrants]] mostly from South America, Eastern Europe, and a very meagre number from Asia. [http://demo.istat.it/str2004/index.html]
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The population is homogeneously [[Italian people|Italian]]. Southern and northern Italians alike flocked to the city during the late 1900s. An estimated 95.3% of the population is of Italian origin. But there has been a sharp increase of [[Immigration|immigrants]] mostly from South America, Eastern Europe, and a very meagre number from [[Asia]]. [http://demo.istat.it/str2004/index.html]
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'''Immigrants by country (2004):'''
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*[[Ecuador]]ians: 10,169
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*[[Albanians]]: 2,781
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*[[Morocco|Moroccans]]: 2,189
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*[[Peru]]vians: 1,795
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*[[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]]: 910
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*[[Romanians]]: 746
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==Sports==
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'''Football'''<br>
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[[Genoa Cricket & Football Club]] gives to the City of Genoa the very first [[football club]] founded in Italy. The club was founded in [[1893]] by James Spensley, an English doctor, and has won 9 championships and a Italy Cup.<br>
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Another [[football club]] in the city is [[U.C. Sampdoria]], founded in [[1946]] from the merger of two existing clubs, Andrea Doria (founded in 1895) and Sampierdarenese (founded in 1911). Sampdoria has won one Italian championship, 4 Italy Cups and 1 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1989/90.
  
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'''Immigrants by country (2004)'''
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==Famous people==
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*[[Ecuadorians]] - 10,169
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Famous Genoese include Sinibaldo and Ottobuono Fieschi (Popes [[Innocent IV]] and [[Adrian V]]) and Pope [[Benedict XV]], navigators [[Christopher Columbus]] and [[Andrea Doria]], composers [[Niccolò Paganini]] and [[Michele Novaro]], Italian patriots [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] and [[Nino Bixio]], writer and translator [[Fernanda Pivano]], poet [[Edoardo Sanguineti]], Communist politician [[Palmiro Togliatti]], architect [[Renzo Piano]], Physics 2002 Nobel Prize winner [[Riccardo Giacconi]], Literature 1975 Nobel Prize winner [[Eugenio Montale]], the artist [[Vanessa Beecroft]], comedians [[Gilberto Govi]], [[Paolo Villaggio]], [[Beppe Grillo]], Luca Bizzarri and [[Maurizio Crozza]]; [[singer-songwriters]] [[Fabrizio de André]] and [[Ivano Fossati]], actor [[Vittorio Gassman]], and actress [[Moana Pozzi]], Giorgio Parodi who conceived the motorcycle company [[Moto Guzzi]] with Carlo Guzzi and Giovanni Ravelli.  Some reports say Giovanni Caboto ([[John Cabot]]) is also from Genoa, others say he was from [[Savona]].
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*[[Albanians]] - 2,781
 
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*[[Moroccans]] - 2,189
 
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*[[Peruvians]] - 1,795
 
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*[[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] - 910
 
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*[[Romanians]] - 746
 
  
 
==Miscellaneous==
 
==Miscellaneous==
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*The port of Genoa is the first in [[Italy]]. It ranks second in the [[Mediterranean]] after neighbouring [[Marseille]], [[France]].
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* The [[University of Genoa]], with 40,000 students (one of the largest universities in Italy) was founded in 1471.
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*The [[Aquarium]] of Genoa is the largest in [[Europe]].
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* The word ''[[jeans]]'' comes from Genoa, as a way to pronounce ''genoese''.  
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*Other landmarks of the city are the Palazzo Ducale (Genoa)|Palazzo Ducale (Doge's Palace), St. Lawrence Cathedral (''Cattedrale di San Lorenzo''), The Old Harbor (''Porto Antico''), transformed into a mall by architect [[Renzo Piano]], Via Garibaldi with its superb palaces and the monumental cemetery on Staglieno's hill.
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* The Genoese have emigrated too, mostly to South America; [[Uruguay]], [[Chile]], [[Argentina]] have strong Genoese communities. The special strong connection with Argentina is witnessed by the famous song [[Ma se ghe penso]], and by the episode ''From the Apennines to the Andes'' in the book ''Cuore'' ([[Heart (novel)|Heart]]) by [[Edmondo De Amicis]]]; the supporters of the [[Club Atlético Boca Juniors|Boca Juniors]] football team, rooted in the neighborhood of La Boca, in Buenos Aires, are known as ''los xeneizes''. Most inhabitants of those countries will recognize ''Farinata'' (''Faina'' as they call it, a chickpea flatbread) and ''Torta Pasqualina'' (a salty artichokes, eggs, and cheese pie) as local dishes, but they are from Genoa. A significant portion of [[Gibraltar]]'s population is of Genoese origin.
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* The Museo d'Arte Orientale is one of the largest collections of Oriental art in Europe.
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* The [[Yiddish]] word ''Yanova'' with which [[Ashkenazi Jews]] are most commonly calling the [[Diamante Citron]], is a jargon from the city of Genoa which was the transport station for the [[citron]] or as they are calling it [[Etrog]].
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* The [[University of Genoa]], with 40,000 students (one of the larger universities in Italy,) was founded in 1481.
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*[[Florida International University]] in [[Miami, Florida]] in the [[United States]] has a regional campus in Genoa.
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* [[Genoa Cricket & Football Club]] was the first Italian [[football club]].
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* The [[27th G8 summit]] took place in Genoa in July 2001, resulting in riots and the shooting of a protestor and a  violent crackdown by the police.
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==Sister cities==
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* For [[2004]], the [[European Union]] designated Genoa as [[European Capital of Culture]], along with the French City of [[Lille]].
+
*[[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[United States|USA]]
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* In 1922 the [[Genoa Conference]] was the first economic conference that included a representitative from the newly-communist Soviet Socialist Republics.
+
*[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[United States|USA]]
 +
*[[Chios]], [[Greece]]
 +
*[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[United States|USA]]
 +
*[[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]]
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*[[Huelva]], [[Spain]]
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*[[Marseille]], [[France]]
 +
*[[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]]
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*[[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]]
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 +
*[[Republic of Genoa]]
 
*[[Genoese dialect]]
 
*[[Genoese dialect]]
 
*[[Ligurian language (Romance)|Ligurian language]]
 
*[[Ligurian language (Romance)|Ligurian language]]
 +
*[[Metropolitana di Genova]]
 +
* [http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia in Ligurian language]
 +
* [[M/T Haven|Amoco Haven tanker disaster]]
 +
 +
==Image gallery==
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Genoa_towers.jpg|<font face="Trebuchet MS" font color=black>Porta Soprana
 +
Image:Genoa_alley.jpg|<font face="Trebuchet MS" font color=black>Narrow and tall alleyways are common in Genoa
 +
Image:Lanterna di Genova.jpg|<font face="Trebuchet MS" font color=black>La Lanterna
 +
Image:Genoa_sunset.jpg|<font face="Trebuchet MS" font color=black>Sunset over harbor with large ships.
 +
Image:Genova-Palazzo Ducale da Piazza Matteotti.jpg|<font face="Trebuchet MS" font color=black>Ducal Palace
 +
 +
Image:Galleria Mazzini.jpg|<font face="Trebuchet MS" font color=black>Galleria Mazzini
 +
Image:Genovaduomo0001.jpg|<font face="Trebuchet MS" font color=black>St. Lawrence Cathedral
 +
</gallery>
 +
 +
==Bibliography==
 +
*Gino Benvenuti. ''Le repubbliche marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia''. Netwon Compton, Rome, 1989.
 +
* Steven A. Epstein; ''Genoa & the Genoese, 958-1528'' University of North Carolina Press, 1996; [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=72341660 online edition]
 +
* Steven A. Epstein; "Labour and Port Life in Medieval Genoa."  Mediterranean Historical Review 3 (1988): 114-40. 
 +
* Steven A. Epstein; "Business Cycles and the Sense of Time in Medieval Genoa." Business History Review 62 ( 1988): 238-60. 
 +
* Face Richard. "Secular History in Twelfth-Century Italy: Caffaro of Genoa." ''[[Journal of Medieval History]]'' 6 (1980): 169-84. 
 +
* Hughes Diane Owen. "Kinsmen and Neighbors in Medieval Genoa." In ''The Medieval City,'' edited by Harry A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, and Adam L. Udovitch, pp. 3-28. 1977. 
 +
* Hughes Diane Owen. "Urban Growth and Family Structure in Medieval Genoa." ''Past and Present'' 66 (1975): 3-28. 
 +
* Lopez Robert S. "Genoa." In ''Dictionary of the Middle Ages,'' pp. 383-87. 1982.
 +
* Vitale Vito. ''Breviario della storia di Genova.'' Vols. 1-2. Genoa, 1955.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
[[Image:Cimitero_staglieno-veduta2-wiki.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Staglieno: A monumental cemetery]]
+
[[Image:Cimitero staglieno-veduta2-wiki.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Staglieno: A monumental cemetery]]
 
*[http://www.comune.genova.it/index.jsp Official Site]
 
*[http://www.comune.genova.it/index.jsp Official Site]
−
*[http://digilander.libero.it/fotogian/genova.html Photos of Genoa]
+
*[http://www.liguri.org/lanterna/Lighthouse.htm The official lighthouse website]
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*[http://www.italianvisits.com/liguria/genoa/ ItalianVisits.com]
+
*[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=44.41++,8.92&ie=UTF8&t=h&om=1&ll=44.417352,8.906822&spn=0.104465,0.346069 Genoa on google maps]
−
*[[w:it:Cimitero_monumentale_di_Staglieno|it.wiki:Cimitero monumentale di Staglieno]]
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*[http://www.irolli.it/english.html Palazzi dei Rolli of Genoa]
−
*[http://www.genova-2004.it/aeimages/mappa_genova.jpg Bird's eye view map of Genoa]
+
*[http://www.iit.it/en The Italian Institute of Technology]
 +
*[http://www.genoacfc.it Genoa Cricket and Football Club]
 +
*[http://www.sampdoria.it Unione Calcio Sampdoria]
 +
 
 +
{{Regional Capitals of Italy}}
 +
{{Regions of Italy}}
 +
{{World Heritage Sites in Italy}}
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
[[Category:Genoa| ]]
 
[[Category:Genoa| ]]
 
[[Category:Italian Riviera]]
 
[[Category:Italian Riviera]]
−
[[Category:Coastal cities]]
+
[[Category:Port cities in Italy]]
−
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]]
+
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy]]
−
[[Category:Repubbliche Marinare of Italy]]
 

Latest revision as of 11:22, 24 June 2009

140px
Genoa
City: Comune di Genova
Region: Liguria
Province: Genoa (GE)
Altitude: 20
Area cityproper: 243
Population as of: 2006
Population density: 620,316
Population density metric: 2,553
Timezone: CET, UTC+1
Frazioni: Acquasanta, Vesima
Telephone: 010
Postal code: 16100
Gentilic: Genovesi
Saint: St. John the Baptist
Day: June 24
Mayor: Giuseppe Pericu (since 2005-05-30)
Genova posizione.png
Website: www.comune.genova.it


Genoa (Genova ['dʒɛːnova] in Italian, Zena ['zeːna] in Genoese, Genua in Latin and, archaically, in English) is a city and a seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of ca. 620,000 and the urban area has a population of ca. 890,000. Genua was a city of the ancient Ligurians. Its name is probably Ligurian, meaning "knee" (from Ancient Greek gony "knee"), i.e. "angle", from its geographical position, thus akin to the name of Geneva. Or it could derive from the Celtic root genu-, genawa (pl. genowe), meaning "mouth", i.e., estuary. Part of the old city of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below).

Flag

Flag of Genoa.

The flag of Genoa is the St. George's flag, a red cross on a lime white field, almost identical to the Flag of England. It is probable that the flag of Genoa was adopted by England and the City of London in 1190 so their ships entering the Mediterranean would benefit from the protection of the powerful Genoese fleet. However, historians agree that the actual origins of the flag are unclear (Encyclopaedia Britannica).

History

Ancient era and early Middle Ages

Genoa's history goes back to ancient times. The first historically known inhabitants of the area are the Ligures, an Italic tribe. The attribution of its foundation to Celts in 2500–2000 BC has been recently recognized as wrong.

A city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries BC, testifies to the occupation of the site by the Greeks, but the fine harbor probably was in use much earlier, perhaps by the Etruscans. It is also probable that the Phoenicians had bases in Genoa, or in the nearby area, since an inscription with an alphabet similar to that used in Tyre has been found.

In the Roman era, Genoa was overshadowed by the powerful Marseille and Vada Sabatia, near modern Savona. Different from other Ligures and Celt settlements of the area, it was allied to Rome through a foedus aequum ("Equal pact") in the course of the Second Punic War. It was therefore destroyed by the Carthaginians in 209 BC. The town was rebuilt and, after the end of the Carthaginian Wars, received municipal rights. The original castrum thenceforth expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Genoese trades included skins, wood, and honey. Goods were shipped in the mainland up to important cities like Tortona and Piacenza.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Genoa was occupied by the Ostrogoths. After the Gothic War, the Byzantines made it the seat of their vicar. The Lombards submitted it in 643. In 773 the Lombard Kingdom was annexed by the Frank empire; the first Carolingian count of Genoa was Ademarus, who was given the title praefectus civitatis Genuensis. Ademarus died in Corsica while fighting against the Saracens. In this period the Roman walls, destroyed by the Lombards, were rebuilt and extended.

For the following several centuries, Genoa was little more than a small, obscure fishing center, slowly building its merchant fleet which was to become the leading commercial carrier of the Mediterranean Sea. The town was sacked and burned in 934 by Arab pirates but it was quickly rebuilt.

In the 10th century the city, now part of the Marca Januensis ("Genoese Mark") was under the Obertenghi family, whose first member was Obertus I. Genoa was one of the first cities in Italy to have some citizenship rights granted by local feudataries.

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Medieval gates of Genoa is a rare survival of the city's golden age and its best known landmark.
Christopher Columbus monument in Piazza Acquaverde.
The Ancient Port of Genoa.
The big "bigo" in the ancient port.


Main article: Republic of Genoa

Before 1100, Genoa emerged as an independent city-state, one of a number of Italian city-states during this period. Nominally, the Holy Roman Emperor was overlord and the Bishop of Genoa was president of the city; however, actual power was wielded by a number of "consuls" annually elected by popular assembly. Genoa was one of the so-called "Maritime Republics" (Repubbliche Marinare), along with Venice, Pisa, and Amalfi) and trade, shipbuilding and banking helped support one of the largest and most powerful navies in the Mediterranean. The Adorno, Campofregoso, and other smaller merchant families all fought for power in this Republic, as the power of the consuls allowed each family faction to gain wealth and power in the city. The Republic of Genoa extended over modern Liguria and Piedmont, Sardinia, Corsica and had practically complete control of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Through Genoese participation on the Crusades, colonies were established in the Middle East, in the Aegean, in Sicily and Northern Africa. Genoese Crusaders brought home a green glass goblet from the Levant, which Genoese long regarded as the Holy Grail.

The collapse of the Crusader States was offset by Genoa’s alliance with the Byzantine Empire, which opened opportunities of expansion into the Black Sea and Crimea. Internal feuds between the powerful families, the Grimaldi and Fieschi, the Doria, Spinola, and others caused much disruption, but in general the republic was run much as a business affair. Genoa's political zenith came with its victory over the Duchy of Pisa at the naval Battle of Meloria (1284), and its persistent rival, Venice, in 1298.

However, this prosperity did not last. The Black Death was imported into Europe in 1349 from the Genoese trading post at Caffa (Theodosia) in Crimea, on the Black Sea. Following the economic and population collapse, Genoa adopted the Venetian model of government, and was presided over by a doge (see Doge of Genoa). The wars with Venice continued, and the War of Chioggia (1378–1381), ended with a victory for Venice. After a period of French domination from 1394–1409, Genoa came under rule by the Visconti of Milan. Genoa lost Sardinia to Aragon, Corsica to internal revolt and its Middle Eastern colonies to the Ottoman Empire and the Arabs.

Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, donated one-tenth of his income from the discovery of the Americas for Spain to the Bank of San Giorgio in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods. The Spanish connection was reinforced by Andrea Doria, who established a new constitution in 1528, making Genoa a satellite of the Spanish Empire. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many Genoese families amassed tremendous fortunes. At the time of Genoa’s peak in the 16th century, the city attracted many artists, including Rubens, Caravaggio and Van Dyck. The famed architect Galeazzo Alessi (1512–1572) designed many of the city’s splendid palazzi. A number of Genoese Baroque and Rococo artists settled elsewhere and a number of local artists became prominent.

Genoa suffered from French bombardment in 1684, and was occupied by Austria in 1746 during the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1768, Genoa was forced to also cede Corsica to France.

Modern history

With the shift in world economy and trade routes to the New World and away from the Mediterranean, Genoa's political and economic power went into steady decline.

In 1797, under pressure from Napoleon, Genoa became a French protectorate called the Ligurian Republic, which was annexed by France in 1805. This affair is commemorated in the famous first sentence of Tolstoy's War and Peace:

"Well, Prince, so Genoa and Lucca are now just family estates of the Buonapartes.(...) And what do you think of this latest comedy, the coronation at Milan, the comedy of the people of Genoa and Lucca laying their petitions [to be annexed to France] before Monsieur Buonaparte, and Monsieur Buonaparte sitting on a throne and granting the petitions of the nations?" (spoken by a throughly anti-Boanapartist Russian aristocrat, soon after the news reached St. Petersburg).

Although the Genoese revolted against France in 1814 and liberated the city on their own, delegates at the Congress of Vienna sanctioned its incorporation into Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia), thus ending the three century old struggle by the House of Savoy to acquire the city. The king of Piedmont even sent the Bersaglieri to sack the city, defining the Genoese as "scum". The city soon gained a reputation as a hotbed of anti-Savoy republican agitation, although the union with Savoy was economically very beneficial. With the growth of the Risorgimento movement, the Genoese turned their struggles from Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of a local republic into a struggle for a unified Italy under a liberalized Savoy monarchy. In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi set out from Genoa with over a thousand volunteers to begin the campaign. This is called the departure of the thousands and a monument is set on the rock where the group departed from.

During World War II the British fleet bombarded Genoa and one bomb fell into the cathedral of San Lorenzo without exploding. It is now available to public viewing on the cathedral premises.

The 27th G8 summit in the city, in July 2001, was overshadowed by violent protests, with one protester, Carlo Giuliani, killed amid accusations of police brutality. Trials of accused officials are ongoing as of 2007.

In 2004, the European Union designated Genoa as the European Capital of Culture, along with the French city of Lille.

Main sights

For a more extensive list, see Buildings and structures in Genoa.
Genova-DSCF7470.JPG
Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli
State Party 3dflagsdotcom italy2bs.gif
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, iv
ID 1211
Region Europe and North America
Year 2006
Session 30th
Link http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1211


The main features of central Genoa include Piazza de Ferrari, around which are sited the Opera and the Palace of the Doges. There is also a house where Christopher Columbus is said to have been born.

Strada Nuova (now Via Garibaldi), in the old city, was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2006. This district was designed in the mid-16th century to accommodate Mannerist palaces of the city's most eminent families, including Palazzo Rosso (now a museum), Palazzo Bianco, Palazzo Grimaldi and Palazzo Reale. The famous art college, Musei di Strada Nuova and the Palazzo del Principe are also located on this street.

Other landmarks of the city include St. Lawrence Cathedral (Cattedrale di San Lorenzo), the Old Harbor (Porto Antico), transformed into a mall by architect Renzo Piano, and the famous cemetery of Staglieno, renowned for its monuments and statues. The Museo d'Arte Orientale has one of the largest collections of Oriental art in Europe.

Other than the old city sights, Genoa also has a large aquarium located in the above-mentioned old harbor. The Aquarium of Genoa is one of the largest in Europe.

The port of Genoa also contains an ancient lighthouse, called La Lanterna (i.e., "the lantern"). It is the oldest working lighthouse in the world, one of the five tallest ones, and the tallest brick one and it is Genoa's landmark.

One of the most beautiful and pictoresque Genoese neighbourhood is Boccadasse in the east of the city.

Demographics

The population is homogeneously Italian. Southern and northern Italians alike flocked to the city during the late 1900s. An estimated 95.3% of the population is of Italian origin. But there has been a sharp increase of immigrants mostly from South America, Eastern Europe, and a very meagre number from Asia. [1]

Immigrants by country (2004):

Sports

Football
Genoa Cricket & Football Club gives to the City of Genoa the very first football club founded in Italy. The club was founded in 1893 by James Spensley, an English doctor, and has won 9 championships and a Italy Cup.
Another football club in the city is U.C. Sampdoria, founded in 1946 from the merger of two existing clubs, Andrea Doria (founded in 1895) and Sampierdarenese (founded in 1911). Sampdoria has won one Italian championship, 4 Italy Cups and 1 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1989/90.

Famous people

Famous Genoese include Sinibaldo and Ottobuono Fieschi (Popes Innocent IV and Adrian V) and Pope Benedict XV, navigators Christopher Columbus and Andrea Doria, composers Niccolò Paganini and Michele Novaro, Italian patriots Giuseppe Mazzini and Nino Bixio, writer and translator Fernanda Pivano, poet Edoardo Sanguineti, Communist politician Palmiro Togliatti, architect Renzo Piano, Physics 2002 Nobel Prize winner Riccardo Giacconi, Literature 1975 Nobel Prize winner Eugenio Montale, the artist Vanessa Beecroft, comedians Gilberto Govi, Paolo Villaggio, Beppe Grillo, Luca Bizzarri and Maurizio Crozza; singer-songwriters Fabrizio de André and Ivano Fossati, actor Vittorio Gassman, and actress Moana Pozzi, Giorgio Parodi who conceived the motorcycle company Moto Guzzi with Carlo Guzzi and Giovanni Ravelli. Some reports say Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) is also from Genoa, others say he was from Savona.

Miscellaneous

  • The University of Genoa, with 40,000 students (one of the largest universities in Italy) was founded in 1471.
  • The word jeans comes from Genoa, as a way to pronounce genoese.
  • The Genoese have emigrated too, mostly to South America; Uruguay, Chile, Argentina have strong Genoese communities. The special strong connection with Argentina is witnessed by the famous song Ma se ghe penso, and by the episode From the Apennines to the Andes in the book Cuore (Heart) by Edmondo De Amicis]; the supporters of the Boca Juniors football team, rooted in the neighborhood of La Boca, in Buenos Aires, are known as los xeneizes. Most inhabitants of those countries will recognize Farinata (Faina as they call it, a chickpea flatbread) and Torta Pasqualina (a salty artichokes, eggs, and cheese pie) as local dishes, but they are from Genoa. A significant portion of Gibraltar's population is of Genoese origin.
  • The Yiddish word Yanova with which Ashkenazi Jews are most commonly calling the Diamante Citron, is a jargon from the city of Genoa which was the transport station for the citron or as they are calling it Etrog.
  • Florida International University in Miami, Florida in the United States has a regional campus in Genoa.

Sister cities

See also

Image gallery

  • Porta Soprana

  • Narrow and tall alleyways are common in Genoa

  • La Lanterna

  • Sunset over harbor with large ships.

  • Ducal Palace

  • Galleria Mazzini

  • St. Lawrence Cathedral

Bibliography

  • Gino Benvenuti. Le repubbliche marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Netwon Compton, Rome, 1989.
  • Steven A. Epstein; Genoa & the Genoese, 958-1528 University of North Carolina Press, 1996; online edition
  • Steven A. Epstein; "Labour and Port Life in Medieval Genoa." Mediterranean Historical Review 3 (1988): 114-40.
  • Steven A. Epstein; "Business Cycles and the Sense of Time in Medieval Genoa." Business History Review 62 ( 1988): 238-60.
  • Face Richard. "Secular History in Twelfth-Century Italy: Caffaro of Genoa." Journal of Medieval History 6 (1980): 169-84.
  • Hughes Diane Owen. "Kinsmen and Neighbors in Medieval Genoa." In The Medieval City, edited by Harry A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, and Adam L. Udovitch, pp. 3-28. 1977.
  • Hughes Diane Owen. "Urban Growth and Family Structure in Medieval Genoa." Past and Present 66 (1975): 3-28.
  • Lopez Robert S. "Genoa." In Dictionary of the Middle Ages, pp. 383-87. 1982.
  • Vitale Vito. Breviario della storia di Genova. Vols. 1-2. Genoa, 1955.

External links

Staglieno: A monumental cemetery


Regional Capitals of Italy
L'Aquila (Abruzzo) · Aosta (Aosta Valley) · Bari(Apulia) · Potenza (Basilicata) · Catanzaro (Calabria) · Naples (Campania) · Bologna (Emilia-Romagna)

Trieste (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) · Rome (Lazio) · Genoa (Liguria) · Milan (Lombardy) · Ancona (Marche) · Campobasso (Molise) · Turin (Piedmont)
Cagliari (Sardinia) · Palermo (Sicily) · Trento (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol) · Florence (Tuscany) · Perugia (Umbria) · Venice (Veneto)


Regions of Italy
Abruzzo • Aosta Valley • Apulia • Basilicata • Calabria • Campania • Emilia-Romagna • Friuli-Venezia Giulia • Lazio • Liguria • Lombardy • Marche • Molise • Piedmont • Sardinia • Sicily • Trentino-South Tyrol • Tuscany • Umbria • Veneto


World Heritage Sites in Italy
Aeolian Islands · Aquileia · Agrigento · Pompeii, Herculaneum, Torre Annunziata · Botanical Garden, Padua · Caserta Palace, Aqueduct of Vanvitelli,San Leucio Complex · Castel del Monte · Cilento and Vallo di Diano, Paestum, Velia, Certosa di Padula ·

Amalfi Coast · Crespi d'Adda · Ravenna · Cerveteri, Tarquinia · Ferrara · Florence · Assisi · Matera · Cathedral, Torre Civica, Piazza Grande, Modena · Naples · Genoa · Piazza del Duomo, Pisa · Pienza · Portovenere, Cinque Terre (Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola, Riomaggiore), Palmaria, Tino, Tinetto · Residences of the Royal House of Savoy · Valcamonica · Rome · Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy · San Gimignano · Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan · Val di Noto (Caltagirone, Militello in Val di Catania, Catania, Modica, Noto, Palazzolo Acreide, Ragusa, Scicli) · Siena · Barumini nuraghes · Syracuse, Necropolis of Pantalica · Alberobello · Urbino · Val d'Orcia · Venice · Verona · Vicenza, Palladian Villas of the Veneto · Hadrian's Villa · Villa d'Este · Villa Romana del Casale

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