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...nsform the Republic of Florence into a Ducal State ruled by a [[hereditary succession]] in the [[16th century]]. For most of that century they ruled Florence and ...rles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] appointed [[Alessandro de' Medici]] hereditary ruler. Cosimo de' Medici became duke in 1537, Siena was incorporated into T

...0]] Duke [[Sergius I (Naples)|Sergius I]] made the succession to the duchy hereditary, and thenceforth Naples was ''de facto'' totally independent. At this time

...rnassus]] and others, is that in Rome's first centuries, it was ruled by a succession of seven kings. The traditional chronology, as codified by [[Marcus Terenti ...g on military force to gain the throne. Though no reference is made to the hereditary principle in the election of the first four kings, beginning with the fifth