http://woiweb.com/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=65.203.76.4&feedformat=atomWOI Encyclopedia Italia - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T14:55:48ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.0http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Roman_Holiday&diff=29442Roman Holiday2007-07-03T16:37:00Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[Image:Roman Holiday.jpg|right|thumb|250px]]<br />
'''''Roman Holiday''''' is a 1953 romantic comedy film which tells the story of Princess Ann, a young royal who runs away during a state visit to [[Rome]] and befriends Joe Bradley, a cynical expatriate American reporter who first just wants an exclusive story about a princess gone AWOL but finds himself falling in love with her. The film is also known for its [[Vespa]] footage, much praised by classic scooter enthusiasts the world over. <br />
<br />
==Credits==<br />
<br />
The movie was written by John Dighton and, fronting for Hollywood Blacklist author Dalton Trumbo, Ian McLellan Hunter. (Trumbo's name was finally restored to the film's credits when it was released on DVD in 2003.) <br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
Princess Ann is a royal princess and heir to the throne of an unnamed country. She is officially touring several European capitals, and so arrives in Rome, where her visit is widely publicized. One night, she is very agitated and expresses her tiredness of her official role. The court doctor gives her an injection in order to calm her down, but she nevertheless secretly leaves her country's embassy in Rome and goes out alone to explore the city. She ends up falling asleep on a public bench where Joe Bradley, an expatriate American reporter, sees her but does not recognize her. He offers her money so that she can take a taxi and return home safely, but Anya Smith, as she introduces herself, is so sleepy that she is unable to talk to the taxi driver. Bradley finally decides to take her to his apartment so that she can spend the night in a safe place. The next morning, Bradley leaves the sleeping woman alone and arrives late at his office where his boss asks him if he has conducted the scheduled interview of the princess during the morning. Bradley first lies and gives details of the alleged interview until his boss announces to him that the princess has suddenly fallen ill and has cancelled all interviews. He then shows a picture of her to Bradley, who suddenly recognizes the young woman whom he left sleeping in his apartment...<br />
<br />
==Miscellaneous==<br />
[[Image:RomanJoeHand.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Gregory Peck played a trick on Audrey Hepburn and it's in the film, the scene ''The Mouth Of Truth'']]<br />
[[Image:Audrey Hepburn & Gregory Peck 4.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Audrey Hepburn, Gregory Peck, and Eddie Albert]]<br />
One of the most famous scenes in the movie is when Gregory Peck puts his hand into the "[[La Bocca della Verità|Mouth of Truth]]", a stone face in Rome that legend says will bite it off if you tell a lie. In the film, when he pulls his hand out it is missing, causing Anya/Hepburn to scream. He then pops his hand out of his sleeve and laughs. Audrey Hepburn's shriek wasn't acting&mdash;Peck had decided to pull the gag he had once seen Red Skelton do, and didn't warn Hepburn in advance.<br />
<br />
A now-legendary screen test resulted in Hepburn being cast as Ann. After performing a scene from the film, the director called "cut" but the cameraman actually left the camera rolling as the young actress chatted with the director. The candid footage of Hepburn that resulted won her the role. <br />
<br />
In the 1970s, both Peck and Hepburn were approached with the idea of a sequel to ''Roman Holiday'' which would have seen Anya and Joe reunite; the idea never came to fruition. The original film was remade for television in the early 1980s.<br />
<br />
The movie was filmed in Rome, on location and at [[Cinecittà Studios]].<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
[[Image:Audrey Hepburn & Gregory Peck 1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck]]<br />
* [[Gregory Peck]] - Joe Bradley <br />
* [[Audrey Hepburn]] - Princess Ann ('Anya Smith') <br />
* [[Eddie Albert]] - Irving Radovich <br />
* [[Hartley Power]] - Mr. Hennessy, editor <br />
* [[Harcourt Williams]] - Ambassador <br />
* [[Margaret Rawlings]] - Countess Vereberg <br />
* [[Tullio Carminati]] - Gen. Provno <br />
* [[Paolo Carlini]] - Mario Delani, hairdresser <br />
* [[Claudio Ermelli]] - Giovanni, landlord <br />
* [[Paola Borboni]] - Charwoman <br />
* [[Alfredo Rizzo]] - Cab driver <br />
* [[Laura Solari]] - Secretary <br />
* [[Gorella Gori]] - Shoe seller <br />
* [[Heinz Hindrich]] - Dr. Bonnachoven <br />
* [[John Horne]] - Master of Ceremonies <br />
* [[Andrea Esterhazy]] - Embassy staffer<br />
* [[Ugo De Pascale]] - Embassy staffer <br />
* [[Diane Lante]] - Lady in waiting<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
<br />
===Award wins===<br />
*[[Academy Award for Best Actress]] ([[Audrey Hepburn]])<br />
*[[BAFTA Award|BAFTA Award for Best British Actress]] (Audrey Hepburn)<br />
*[[Golden Globe|Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actress - Drama]] (Audrey Hepburn)<br />
*[[New York Film Critics Circle Awards|New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress]] (Audrey Hepburn)<br />
*[[Academy Award for Costume Design| Academy Award for Best Costume Design, Black-and-White]] ([[Edith Head]]) <br />
*[[Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay|Best Writing, Motion Picture Story]] ([[Ian McLellan Hunter]] & [[Dalton Trumbo]])<br />
*[[Writers Guild of America|Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Comedy]] (Ian McLellan Hunter & [[John Dighton]]<br />
<br />
In [[1999]] the film was deemed "culturally significant" by the United States [[Library of Congress]] and selected for preservation in the [[National Film Registry]].<br />
<br />
===Award nominations===<br />
*[[Academy Award for Best Picture]]<br />
*[[BAFTA Award|BAFTA Award for Best Film from any source]]<br />
*[[Academy Award for Directing|Best Director]] ([[William Wyler]])<br />
*[[Directors Guild of America|DGA Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures]] (William Wyler)<br />
*[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] ([[Eddie Albert]])<br />
*[[BAFTA Award|BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor]] - (Eddie Albert)<br />
*[[BAFTA Award|BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actor]] - ([[Gregory Peck]])<br />
*[[Academy Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White]] ([[Hal Pereira]] & [[Walter H. Tyler]])<br />
*[[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography, Black-and-White]] ([[Franz Planer]] & [[Henri Alekan]])<br />
*[[Academy Award for Film Editing]] ([[Robert Swink]])<br />
*[[Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay|Best Writing, Screenplay]] ([[Ian McLellan Hunter]] & [[Dalton Trumbo]])<br />
<br />
----<br />
'''''Roman Holiday''''' is also a [[1931]] [[novel]] by Upton Sinclair.</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Road_Atlanta&diff=29080Road Atlanta2007-06-28T22:04:51Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[Image:Road Atlanta.gif|thumb|right|280px|Road Atlanta Raceway]]<br />
[[Image:35 Maserati MC12.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A [[Maserati MC12]] GT1 participating in the [[American Le Mans Series]] on Road Atlanta]]<br />
'''Road Atlanta''' is a 2.54-mile [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix]] road course located in [[Braselton, Georgia]]. The road course has 12 challenging turns, including the famous "esses" series of turns between turns three and five.It also includes a recent chicane section following a long straight, a common safety practice with older circuits. The track is owned by [[Panoz|Panoz Motorsports]], and is the home to [[Petit Le Mans]], a 10 hour or 1000 mile [[endurance racing|endurance race]] of the [[American Le Mans Series]]. It also hosts Moto racing and smaller events throughout the year. <br />
<br />
Road Atlanta has been featured as one of the main drivable courses in the [[Xbox]] [[racing simulator]] [[video game]] [[Forza Motorsport]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.trackpedia.com/wiki/Road_Atlanta Trackpedia guide to driving this track]<br />
*[http://www.roadatlanta.com Official Site ]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Motor racing venues in the United States]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Road_Atlanta&diff=29079Road Atlanta2007-06-28T22:04:26Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[Image:Road Atlanta.gif|thumb|right|280px|Road Atlanta Raceway]]<br />
[[Image:35 Maserati MC12.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A [[Maserati MC12]] GT1 participating in the [[American Le Mans Series]] on Road Atlanta]]<br />
'''Road Atlanta''' is a 2.54-mile [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix]] road course located in [[Braselton, Georgia]]. The road course has 12 challenging turns, including the famous "esses" series of turns between turns three and five.It also includes a recent chicane section following a long straight, a common safety practice with older circuits. The track is owned by [[Panoz|Panoz Motorsports]], and is the home to [[Petit Le Mans]], a 10 hour or 1000 mile [[endurance racing|endurance race]] of the [[American Le Mans Series]]. It also hosts Moto racing and smaller events throughout the year. <br />
<br />
Road Atlanta has been featured as one of the main drivable courses in the [[Xbox]] [[racing simulator]] [[video game]] [[Forza Motorsport]].<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://www.trackpedia.com/wiki/Road_Atlanta Trackpedia guide to driving this track]<br />
*[http://www.roadatlanta.com Official Site ]<br />
<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Motor racing venues in the United States]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=1981_Monaco_Grand_Prix&diff=283391981 Monaco Grand Prix2007-06-27T22:25:40Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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Results from the 1981 [[Formula One]] '''[[Monaco Grand Prix]]''' held at [[Circuit de Monaco|Monaco]] on [[May 31]], [[1981]]<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" border=5 cellspacing=4 cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
|- style="background-color:darkred"<br />
! Pos !! No !! Driver !! Team !! Laps !! Time/Retired !! Grid !! Points<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| 27<br />
| Canada '''[[Gilles Villeneuve]]'''<br />
| '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''<br />
| 76<br />
| 54:23.3<br />
| 2<br />
| '''9'''<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
| 1<br />
| Australia '''[[Alan Jones (Formula 1)|Alan Jones]]'''<br />
| '''[[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'''<br />
| 76<br />
| 39.91<br />
| 7<br />
| '''6'''<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
| 26<br />
| France '''[[Jacques Laffite]]'''<br />
| '''[[Prost (racing team)|Ligier]]-[[Matra]]'''<br />
| 76<br />
| + 1:29.24<br />
| 8<br />
| '''4'''<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
| 28<br />
| France '''[[Didier Pironi]]'''<br />
| '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''<br />
| 75<br />
| + 1 Lap<br />
| 17<br />
| '''3'''<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
| 3<br />
| USA '''[[Eddie Cheever]]'''<br />
| '''[[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'''<br />
| 74<br />
| + 2 Laps<br />
| 15<br />
| '''2'''<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| 14<br />
| Switzerland '''[[Marc Surer]]'''<br />
| '''[[Ensign (racing team)|Ensign]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'''<br />
| 74<br />
| + 2 Laps<br />
| 19<br />
| '''1'''<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
| 33<br />
| France [[Patrick Tambay]]<br />
| [[Theodore Racing|Theodore]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 72<br />
| + 4 Laps<br />
| 16<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 5<br />
| Brazil [[Nelson Piquet]]<br />
| [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 53<br />
| Spun Off<br />
| 1<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 7<br />
| UK [[John Marshall Watson|John Watson]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 52<br />
| Engine<br />
| 10<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 4<br />
| Italy [[Michele Alboreto]]<br />
| [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 50<br />
| Collision<br />
| 20<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 23<br />
| Italy [[Bruno Giacomelli]]<br />
| [[Alfa Romeo]]<br />
| 50<br />
| Collision<br />
| 18<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 15<br />
| France [[Alain Prost]]<br />
| [[Renault Sport|Renault]]<br />
| 45<br />
| Engine<br />
| 9<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 2<br />
| Argentina [[Carlos Reutemann]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 33<br />
| Gearbox<br />
| 4<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 11<br />
| Italy [[Elio de Angelis]]<br />
| [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 32<br />
| Engine<br />
| 6<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 16<br />
| France [[Rene Arnoux]]<br />
| [[Renault Sport|Renault]]<br />
| 32<br />
| Spun Off<br />
| 13<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 29<br />
| Italy [[Riccardo Patrese]]<br />
| [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 29<br />
| Gearbox<br />
| 5<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 12<br />
| UK [[Nigel Mansell]]<br />
| [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 15<br />
| Suspension<br />
| 3<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 30<br />
| Italy [[Siegfried Stohr]]<br />
| [[Arrows]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 14<br />
| Fuel System<br />
| 14<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 8<br />
| Italy [[Andrea de Cesaris]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| 0<br />
| Collision<br />
| 11<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! Ret<br />
| 22<br />
| USA [[Mario Andretti]]<br />
| [[Alfa Romeo]]<br />
| 0<br />
| Collision<br />
| 12<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 20<br />
| Finland [[Keke Rosberg]]<br />
| [[Fittipaldi (constructor)|Fittipaldi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 25<br />
| France [[Jean Pierre Jabouille]]<br />
| [[Prost (racing team)|Ligier]]-[[Matra]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 6<br />
| Mexico [[Hector Rebaque]]<br />
| [[Brabham]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 21<br />
| Brazil [[Chico Serra]]<br />
| [[Fittipaldi (constructor)|Fittipaldi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 32<br />
| Italy [[Piercarlo Ghinzani]]<br />
| [[Osella]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 31<br />
| Italy [[Beppe Gabbiani]]<br />
| [[Osella]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 10<br />
| Sweden [[Slim Borgudd]]<br />
| [[ATS (automobile)|ATS]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 18<br />
| Ireland [[Derek Daly]]<br />
| [[March Engineering|March]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 17<br />
| Chile [[Eliseo Salazar]]<br />
| [[March Engineering|March]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 35<br />
| UK [[Brian Henton]]<br />
| [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! DNQ<br />
| 36<br />
| UK [[Derek Warwick]]<br />
| [[Toleman]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
| &nbsp;<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
*Fastest Lap: Alan Jones 1'27.470<br />
<br />
{| class="browser" border="2" align="center"<br />
|class="prev"|Previous Race:<br />[[1981 Belgian Grand Prix]]<br />
|class="topic"align="center"|'''[[FIA]] [[1981 Formula One season|1981 Formula One]]<br />World Championship'''<br />
|class="next"|Next Race:<br />[[1981 Spanish Grand Prix]]<br />
|-<br />
|class="prev"|Previous Race:<br />[[1980 Monaco Grand Prix]]<br />
|class="topic" align="center"|'''[[Monaco Grand Prix]]'''<br />
|class="next"|Next Race:<br />[[1982 Monaco Grand Prix]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1981 in sports|Monaco Grand Prix]]<br />
[[Category:Formula One race reports]]<br />
[[Category:Monaco Grand Prix]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Irwindale_Speedway&diff=28338Irwindale Speedway2007-06-27T22:25:12Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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'''Irwindale Speedway''' is a motorsports facility located in [[Irwindale, California]]. It features banked, paved 1/2 and 1/3 mile oval tracks. It is mainly used for [[United States Automobile Club|USAC]] [[Sprint car racing|sprint car]] and regional [[NASCAR]] races.<br />
<br />
Since [[2003]], the main 1/2-mile oval has hosted the NASCAR Toyota All-Star Showdown. In this event, the top 30 drivers in the Grand National Division and the top 40 drivers in the Elite Division come from their respective regional tours to compete in a "best-of-the-best" race for prize money and bragging rights. The races are televised live on the [[SPEED Channel]]. It is also the home of the Turkey Night races, a [[Thanksgiving]] sprint car tradition in [[southern California]] since it debuted at the now-closed Ascot speedway in the 1950s. Among the 2005 participants were [[Tony Stewart]], [[Jason Leffler]], and [[J.J. Yeley]].<br />
<br />
[[Drag racing]] is presented at this facility as well. In 2003, in cooperation with local law enforcement, Irwindale Speedway opened its' own dragstrip and hosts legal drag races for street legal cars, trucks, and motorcycles. The Dragstrip is proud to extinguish the "nowhere else to go" excuse used by illegal street racers, and local police often hand out flyers to offenders for free entry into drag races at the dragstrip to promote safe racing. <br />
<br />
The venue is also known for [[drifting (motorsport)|drifting]] events, when it hosted [[D1 Grand Prix|D1 Grand Prix's]] first oversea event in 2003, with a sell-out crowd attendance of 10,000, it had surpassed all other event Irwindale hosted in the past, the previous being 8,700. Since then, it has become the series regular opening round in February and a non championship event in December and has also hosted a round of the domestic series, [[Formula D]]. Since then, the venue has been expanded to accommodate 15,000 spectators. The circuit is regarded as one of the most popular courses for crowds and drivers despite the unforgiving concrete wall which drivers usually brush through with their rear bumpers.<br />
<br />
The 2003 [[Guinness Book of World Records]] lists the fastest-ever top speed of a [[radio-controlled car]] as 111 mph (178.63 km/h) set by [[Cliff Lett]] of [[Associated Electrics]]. Lett, a Team Associated professional driver and one of the designers and developers of the aforementioned RC10, set the record with a heavily modified [[RC10|Associated RC10L3]] [[touring car]] at Irwindale Speedway on January 13, 2001. <br />
<br />
==External link==<br />
* [http://www.irwindalespeedway.com Irwindale Speedway - Official Site]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Motor racing venues in the United States]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gear_ratio&diff=28337Gear ratio2007-06-27T22:24:57Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[image:gears_large.jpg|thumb|200px|Gears on a piece of farm equipment, gear ratio 1:1.61]]<br />
The '''[[gear]] [[ratio]]''' is the relationship between the number of teeth on two gears that are meshed or two [[sprocket]]s connected with a common [[roller chain]], or the [[circumference]]s of two [[pulley]]s connected with a drive [[belt (mechanical)|belt]].<br />
<br />
In the picture to the right, the smaller gear has thirteen teeth, while the second, larger gear has twenty-one teeth. The gear ratio is therefore 13/21 or 1/1.61 (also written as 1:1.61)<br />
<br />
The first number in the ratio is usually the gear that power is applied to. In an automobile the first number is the gear receiving power from the engine.<br />
<br />
This means that for every one revolution of the smaller gear, the larger gear has made 1/1.61, or 0.62, revolutions. In practical terms, the larger gear turns more slowly.<br />
<br />
Suppose the largest gear in the picture has 42 teeth, the gear ratio between the second and third gear then is; 21/42 = 1/2 and for every revolution of the smallest gear the largest gear has only turned 0.62/2 = 0.31 revolution, a total reduction of around 1:3.<br />
<br />
Since the number of teeth is also [[proportional]] to the [[circumference]] of the gear wheel (the bigger the wheel the more teeth it has) the gear ratio can also be expressed as the relationship between the circumferences of both wheels (where d is the diameter of the smaller wheel and D is the [[diameter]] of the larger wheel):<br />
<br />
:<math>gr = (\pi \times d) / (\pi \times D) = d/D</math><br />
<br />
Since the diameter is equal to twice the [[radius]];<br />
:<math>gr = d / D = (2 \times r) /( 2 \times R) = r / R</math><br />
as well.<br />
<br style="clear:both;" /><br />
<br />
But keep in mind that counting the teeth derives the exact gear ratio, regardless of any variations in the diameter measurement. In the picture, each time the 13 teeth of the smaller gear make a revolution, 13 teeth of the larger gear will have moved, i.e. made 13/21 of a revolution or 0.62 of a revolution.<br />
As long as the gears remain meshed, the accounting of teeth and revolutions will remain perfect. So for instance gears can be used to construct a clock in which the minute hand moves exactly sixty times faster than the hour hand, regardless of the overall accuracy of the watch.<br />
<br />
Diameter measurements are useful for determining approximate gear ratios for non-gear linkages such as pulleys and belts. Smooth belts can slip, so even if exact pulley diameters are known quite exactly, the gear ratio may vary in operation, and may even depend on the load.<br />
<br />
Belts can have teeth in them also and be coupled to gear-like pulleys. Special gears called sprockets can be coupled together with chains, as on bicycles and some motorcycles. Again, exact accounting of teeth and revolutions can be applied with these machines.<br />
<br />
A belt with teeth, called the [[timing belt]], is used in some internal combustion engines to exactly synchronize the movement of the camshaft, so that the valves open and close at the top of each cylinder at exactly the right time to the movement of each cylinder. From the time the car is driven off the lot, to the time the belt needs replacing thousands of kilometers later, it synchronizes the two shafts exactly. A chain, called a timing chain, is used on other automobiles for this purpose. In a few automobiles, the camshaft and crankshaft are coupled directly together through meshed gears.<br />
<br />
==Example==<br />
Automobiles [[drivetrains]] generally have two or more areas where gearing is used: one in the [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]], which contains a number of different sets of gearing that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds, and another at the [[differential (mechanics)|differential]], which contains one additional set of gearing that provides further mechanical advantage at the wheels. These components might be separate and connected by a shaft, or they might be combined into one unit called a [[transaxle]]<br />
<br />
A [[Chevrolet]] [[Corvette]] Z06 with a six-speed manual transmission has the following gear ratios in the transmission:<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|Gear||Ratio<br />
|-<br />
|1st gear||2.97:1<br />
|-<br />
|2nd gear||2.07:1<br />
|-<br />
|3rd gear||1.43:1<br />
|-<br />
|4th gear||1.00:1<br />
|-<br />
|5th gear||0.84:1<br />
|-<br />
|6th gear||0.56:1<br />
|-<br />
|reverse ||3.28:1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In 1st gear, the engine makes 2.97 revolutions for every revolution of the transmission’s output. In 4th gear, the gear ratio of 1:1 means that the engine and the transmission’s output are moving at the same speed. 5th and 6th gears are known as [[overdrive]] gears, in which the output of the transmission is revolving faster than the engine.<br />
<br />
The above Corvette has a differential ratio of 3.42:1. This means that for every 3.42 revolutions of the transmission’s output, the wheels make one revolution. The differential ratio multiplies with the transmission ratio, so in 1st gear, the engine makes 10.16 revolutions for every revolution of the wheels.<br />
<br />
The car’s tires can almost be thought of as a third type of gearing. The example Corvette Z06 is equipped with 295/35-18 tires, which have a circumference of 82.1 inches. This means that for every complete revolution of the wheel, the car travels 82.1 inches. If the Corvette had larger tires, it would travel farther with each revolution of the wheel, which would be like a higher gear. If the car had smaller tires, it would be like a lower gear.<br />
<br />
With the gear ratios of the transmission and differential, and the size of the tires, it becomes possible to calculate the speed of the car for a particular gear at a particular engine speed.<br />
<br />
For example, it is possible to determine the distance the car will travel for one revolution of the engine by dividing the circumference of the tire by the combined gear ratio of the transmission and differential. <br />
<br />
<math> d = \frac{c_t}{gr_t \times gr_d}</math><br />
<br />
It is possible to determine a car’s speed from the engine speed by multiplying the circumference of the tire by the engine speed and dividing by the combined gear ratio.<br />
<br />
<math> v_c = \frac{c_t \times v_e}{gr_t \times gr_d}</math><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
|Gear||Inches per engine revolution||Speed per 1000 rpm<br />
|-<br />
|1st gear||8.1inches||11.2 mph<br />
|-<br />
|2nd gear||11.6 inches||16.1 mph<br />
|-<br />
|3rd gear||16.8 inches||23.3 mph<br />
|-<br />
|4th gear||24.0 inches||33.3 mph<br />
|-<br />
|5th gear||28.6 inches||39.7 mph<br />
|-<br />
|6th gear||42.9 inches|| 59.5 mph<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Automotive engineering]]<br />
* [[Drag equation]]<br />
* [[Torque]]<br />
* [[Mechanical advantage]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Automotive transmission technologies]]<br />
[[Category:Gears]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Gaggia&diff=28336Gaggia2007-06-27T22:23:52Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[Image:logo_gaggia_wp.gif|center|150px]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Gaggia''' is an [[Italy|Italian]] company that makes [[coffee]] machines, especially [[espresso]] and [[cappuccino]] machines. <br />
<br />
The founder, Achille Gaggia, applied for a patent (patent number 365726) for the first modern steamless [[coffee]] machine on September 5, 1938, to be used commercially in his coffee bar. The machine forced water to flow over the coffee grounds at a high pressure, producing the '[[crema foam|crema]]' that is unique to [[espresso]].<br />
<br />
The Gaggia company was founded in 1947. It first produced machines for commercial use. In 1977 it produced its first machines for home use, which has become its dominant area of production. The company continues to produce quality [[espresso]] machines (as well as accessories for [[coffee]] lovers) from classic manual machines to the innovative super-automatic models recently added to the line. The machines are manufactured in [[Milan]] at the Robecco sul Naviglio factory.<br />
<br />
<br />
==External link==<br />
[http://www.gaggia.com Gaggia.com]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies of Italy]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Parilla&diff=28335Parilla2007-06-27T21:39:38Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div>[[Image:parilla_logo.jpg|center|150px]]<br />
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<center>[http://www.parilla-na.com/main_page.htm '''External Parilla Info''']</center><br />
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{{Motorcycle Information and Photos by Marque}}<br />
{{Car Information and Photos by Marque}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Parilla&diff=28334Parilla2007-06-27T21:39:21Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div>[[Image:parilla_logo.jpg|center|150px]]<br />
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<center>[http://www.parilla-na.com/main_page.htm '''External Parilla Info''']</center><br />
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{{Motorcycle Information and Photos by Marque}}<br />
{{Car Information and Photos by Marque}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Parilla&diff=28333Parilla2007-06-27T21:38:47Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div>[[Image:parilla_logo.jpg|center|150px]]<br />
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[http://www.parilla-na.com/main_page.htm '''External Parilla Info''']<br />
<br />
{{Motorcycle Information and Photos by Marque}}<br />
{{Car Information and Photos by Marque}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Intermetallics&diff=28332Intermetallics2007-06-27T21:18:19Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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'''Intermetallics''' is the short summarizing designation for intermetallic phases and compounds, i.e. chemical compounds between two or more [[metal]]s with crystal structures which differ from those of the constituent metals. In a mechanical context, such compounds often offer a compromise between [[ceramic]] and metallic properties when hardness and/or resistance to high temperatures is important enough to sacrifice some [[toughness]] and ease of processing. They can also display desirable [[magnetism|magnetic]], superconducting and chemical properties, due to their strong internal order and mixed (metallic and covalent/ionic) bonding, respecitvely.<br />
<br />
Intermetallics have given rise to various novel materials developments. Some examples include [[alnico]] and the [[hydrogen]] storage materials in [[nickel metal hydride]] batteries. {{nickel}}<sub>3</sub>{{aluminum}}, which is the hardening phase in the familiar nickel-base superalloys, and the various [[titanium]] aluminides have also attracted interest for turbine blade applications, while the latter is also used in very small quantities for [[grain refinement]] of [[titanium alloy]]s.<br />
<br />
Intermetallics of [[aluminium]] and [[gold]] are a significant cause of [[wire bonding|wire bond]] failures in [[semiconductor devices]] and other [[microelectronics]] devices. There are five of them - the AuAl<sub>2</sub> one is known as [[purple plague (intermetallic)]], the others are collectively known as [[white plague (intermetallic)]].<br />
<br />
<br />
''References:''<br />
<br />
Intermetallic Compounds, Vol. 3: Progress, edited by J. H. Westbrook and R. L. Fleischer, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 2002, 1086 pages.<br />
<br />
Intermetallic Compounds - Principles and Practice, edited by J. H. Westbrook and R. L. Fleischer, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1995, 2 volumes.<br />
<br />
G. Sauthoff: Intermetallics, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1995, 165 pages.<br />
<br />
<br />
''External link:<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09669795 Intermetallics]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Alloy]]<br />
*[[Superalloy]]<br />
*[[Maraging steel]]<br />
*[[Kirkendall effect]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/423924/description#description Journal named Intermetallics]<br />
*[http://nepp.nasa.gov/wirebond/intermetallic_creation_and_growt.htm Intermetallic Creation and Growth] &ndash; an article on the Wire Bond Website of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Scissor_doors&diff=28327Scissor doors2007-06-27T20:12:43Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[Image:Lamborghini Murciélago Concours.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Lamborghini Murciélago]]]]<br />
<br />
'''Scissor doors''', also called '''Jackknife doors''' or '''Lambo doors''', are [[automobile]] doors that rotate up and forward on a hinge near the front of the door.<br />
<br />
This form of door was first introduced in the [[Alfa Romeo Carabo]] concept car, designed by [[Marcello Gandini]]. Gandini used the same doors in the [[Lamborghini Countach]] whose wide chassis mandated this unusual door configuration. The design was carried forward to the Countach's successor, the [[Lamborghini Diablo]]. The only current Lamborghini in production which uses this design is the [[Lamborghini Murciélago|Murciélago]].<br />
<br />
This design combines some of the advantages of a conventional door and the traditional [[gullwing door]]. The door can open upward rather than outward, which is important in wide cars. The hinge is in a similar location as a conventional door, so a [[convertible]] version of the car is not prevented by the door design.<br />
<br />
The disadvantage is that the door still impedes access/egress much more than a gullwing and, in some cases, more than a conventional door.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Gullwing door]]<br />
*[[Butterfly doors]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Car doors]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{automotive-part-stub}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Bentivoglio&diff=28326Bentivoglio2007-06-27T20:12:00Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[Image:GBentivoglio2.jpg|frame|right|Giovanni II Bentivoglio.]]<br />
'''Bentivoglio''' (in [[Latin]], rendered as ''Bentivoius'') was an [[Italy|Italian]] family of princely rank, long supreme in [[Bologna]] and responsible for giving the city its political autonomy during the [[Renaissance]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The presence of the Bentivoglio family is first recorded in the city in [[1323]]. Originally from the castle of that name in the neighborhood of Bologna, the family claimed descent from [[Enzio of Sardinia|Enzio]], King of [[Sardinia]], an illegitimate son of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]].<br />
<br />
During the fourteenth century, the family belonged to one of the workingmen's guilds at Bologna, and the family had gained power as pro-papist [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelph]] leaders in the fourteenth century. <br />
<br />
Amid the faction-conflicts of the commune '''Giovanni I Bentivoglio''', with the help of the [[Visconti]], declared himself '' signore'' and ''[[Gonfaloniere]] di Giustizia'' on [[March 14]], [[1401]]. When the Visconti turned hostile, Giovanni was defeated and killed on [[June 26]], [[1402]] at the [[Battle of Casalecchio]] and was interred in the church of San Giacomo Maggiore. <br />
<br />
During the next few decades, the city's political status -and the family's fortunes- remained unpredictable. The son of Giovanni I, '''Anton Galeazzo''' (or '''Antongaleazzo''', c. 1385-1435), was a lecturer in [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] who assumed power in Bologna in [[1420]], but was quickly overthrown. Anton Galeazzo became a [[condottiero]], and was assassinated by papal officials on [[December 23]], [[1435]] due to fears over his growing power (he had returned to Bologna on [[December 4]]). During his reign the Bentivoglio received the fief of [[Castel Bolognese]].<br />
<br />
'''Annibale I''', a putative son of Anton Galeazzo (his mother, Lina Canigiani, was said to be uncertain of the boy's paternity and the matter was decided by dice)[http://www.wga.hu/database/glossary/families/bentivol.html], led a city revolt against the [[Papacy]] in [[1438]]. He tried to make peace with the Visconti family and to convince the Pope not to place Bologna under his dominion. In [[1442]], the Visconti condottiere [[Niccolò Piccinino]] imprisoned Annibale and his supporters at Varano; Annibale was freed by Galeazzo Marescotti in [[1443]]. When Annibale returned to Bologna, the powers of government were confirmed upon him, a sign that the city recognized the family’s political importance. Annibale, however, was assassinated by his rival Battista Canneschi, with the support of [[Pope Eugene IV]], on [[June 24]], [[1445]].<br />
<br />
He was succeeded by '''Sante I''' ([[1426]]-[[1463]]), also of uncertain paternity and origin, but alleged to be a son of Ercole Bentivoglio, a cousin of Annibale I. Originally an apprentice of the wool [[guild]] of [[Florence]], Sante ruled as ''signore'' of Bologna from 1443. Sponsored by [[Cosimo de' Medici]], Sante Bentivoglio ushered in a brief period of political tranquility. Always technically under papal control, the city obtained some actual autonomy and recreates a regime of the [[feudalism|feudal]] type, creating a communal senate composed of the landowning nobility, the new rich, and the papal nobility. Bologna also strengthened its relations with [[Venice]], [[Milan]], and Florence. <br />
<br />
Sante was succeeded by '''[[Giovanni II Bentivoglio]]''' (1443-[[1508]]), who ruled as virtual tyrant of Bologna. He was expelled by Pope [[Julius II]] in 1506. <br />
<br />
A son of Giovanni II, '''Annibale II''' ([[1469]]-[[1540]]), married Lucrezia d'Este, an illegitimate daughter of Duke Ercole I of [[Ferrara]], in [[1487]]. He served as a [[condottiero]]. In rebellion against Julius II, he reentered Bologna in [[1511]] with the help of the French and ruled for only a year. He was hated by other rival families, such as the Ghisilieri and the Canetoli, and was subsequently assassinated. <br />
<br />
In exile, the [[Bentivoglio|Bentivoglio family]] established themselves in [[Ferrara]] and produced several important prelates. <br />
<br />
==Rulers of Bologna==<br />
Thus, as rulers of Bologna, they include:<br />
*'''[[Giovanni I]]''', who ruled from 1401 to 1402.<br />
*'''[[Annibale I]]''', murdered in 1443.<br />
*'''[[Sante I]]''' (1426-1463); ruled from 1443-1463.<br />
*'''[[Giovanni II Bentivoglio]]''' (1443-1508); ruled from 1463 until he was expelled by Pope [[Julius II]] in 1506. <br />
*'''Annibale II''' reentered the city in [[1511]] with the help of the French and ruled for a year, and was later assassinated.<br />
<br />
==Other notable family members==<br />
The Bentivoglio Family, expelled from Bologna in [[1506]], established themselves in [[Ferrara]], where they produced some important prelates, such as:<br />
<br />
*'''[[Guido Cardinal Bentivoglio]]''' ([[1579]]-[[1641]]), though a disciple of [[Galileo]], was one of the Inquisitors-General who signed his condemnation.<br />
*Cardinal '''[[Cornelio Bentivoglio]]''' ([[1668]]-[[1732]]).<br />
<br />
==Power base==<br />
The Church of [[San Giacomo Maggiore]], originally built in the mid-13th century, was adopted in the 15th century by the Bentivoglio family as the center of their power base in the surrounding neighborhood, and they embellished the church accordingly. It included the tomb of '''Anton Galeazzo Bentivoglio''' by [[Jacopo della Quercia]] and the Bentivoglio family's own private chapel, the altar of which has some striking artwork by [[Lorenzo Costa]] depicting family victories over other Bolognese dynasties. <br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
*Claudio Rendina, ''I capitani di ventura'', Newton Compton, Rome, 1998.<br />
*C.M. Ady, ''The Bentivoglio of Bologna: A Study in Dispotism'', Oxford 1937<br />
<br />
[[Category:Italian nobility]]<br />
[[Category:Condottieri]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Automobile_emissions_control&diff=28226Automobile emissions control2007-06-22T19:46:34Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[Image:gagging72-200.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]<br />
<br />
'''Automobile emissions control''' covers all the technologies that are employed to reduce the [[air pollution]]-causing emissions produced by [[automobile]]s. Exhaust emissions control systems were first required on 1966 model year vehicles produced for sale in the state of [[California]], followed by the [[United States]] as a whole in model year 1968. Their use became widespread in the following decades and now they are ubiquitous in industrialised nations and common in most others.<br />
<br />
Emissions controls have been highly successful in reducing the emissions produced by motor vehicles in terms of quantity per distance travelled. However, substantial increases in the distance travelled by each vehicle, and equally substantial increases in the number of vehicles in use, have meant that the overall reduction in pollution has been much slower.<br />
<br />
The emissions produced by a vehicle fall into two basic categories:<br />
#''[[Exhaust pipe|Tailpipe]] emissions'': This is what most people think of when they think of vehicle air pollution; the products of burning fuel in the vehicle's [[internal combustion engine|engine]], emitted from the vehicle's exhaust system. The major pollutants emitted include:<br />
##''[[Hydrocarbons]]'': this class is made up of unburned or partially burned fuel, and is a major contributor to urban [[smog]], as well as being toxic.<br />
##''[[Nitrogen oxide]]s ([[NOx]])'': These are generated when [[nitrogen]] in the air reacts with oxygen under the high temperature and pressure conditions inside the engine. NOx emissions contribute to both smog and [[acid rain]].<br />
##''[[Carbon monoxide]] (CO)'': a product of incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen and are dangerous to people with heart disease.<br />
##''[[Carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2</sub>)'': although this is a product of the complete combustion of hydrocarbons, is plentiful in the atmosphere, has no immediate harmful effects to humans and is essential to plant life, emissions of carbon dioxide are considered a pollutant because it is a significant [[greenhouse gas]] and increasing its levels in the atmosphere is thought by many to be a contributor to [[global warming]].<br />
#''Evaporative emissions'': These are produced from the evaporation of fuel, and are a large contributor to urban [[smog]], since these heavier molecules stay closer to ground level. Fuel tends to evaporate in these ways:<br />
##''Gas tank venting'': the heating of the vehicle as the temperature rises from the night-time temperature to the hottest temperatures of the day mean that gasoline in the tank evaporates, increasing the pressure inside the tank above atmospheric pressure. This pressure must be relieved, and before emissions control it was simply vented into the atmosphere.<br />
##''Running losses'': the escape of gasoline vapors from the hot engine. <br />
##''Refuelling losses'': these can cause a lot of hydrocarbon vapor emission. The empty space inside a vehicle's tank is filled with hydrocarbon gases, and as the tank is filled, these gases are forced out into the atmosphere. In addition, there is loss from further evaporation and fuel spillage.<br />
<br />
==Tailpipe emissions control==<br />
Tailpipe emissions control can be categorised into three parts:<br />
# Increasing engine efficiency<br />
# Increasing vehicle efficiency<br />
# Cleaning up the emissions<br />
<br />
===Increasing engine efficiency===<br />
Engine efficiency has been gradually improved with progress in following technologies:<br />
*[[Ignition_system#Electronic_ignition|Electronic ignition]]<br />
*[[Fuel_injection#TBI|Fuel injection systems]]<br />
*[[Electronic_control_unit|Electronic control unit]]<br />
<br />
===Increasing vehicle efficiency===<br />
Contributions to the goal of reducing fuel consumption and related emissions come from<br />
* lightweight vehicle design<br />
* minimized air resistance<br />
* reduced rolling resistance<br />
* improved powertrain efficiency<br />
* increasing spark to the spark plug<br />
<br />
Each of these items breaks down into a number of factors.<br />
<br />
===Increasing driving efficiency===<br />
Significant reduction of emissions come from <br />
* driving technique (some 10-30% reduction)<br />
* unobstructed traffic conditions<br />
* cruising at an optimum speed for the vehicle<br />
* reducing the number of cold starts<br />
<br />
===Cleaning up the emissions===<br />
Advances in engine and vehicle technology continually reduce the amount of pollutants generated, but this is generally considered insufficient to meet emissions goals. Therefore, technologies to react with and clean up the remaining emissions have long been an essential part of emissions control.<br />
<br />
====Air injection====<br />
A very early emissions control system, the [[Air injection reactor]] (AIR) reduces the products of incomplete combustion (hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide) by injecting fresh air into the [[exhaust manifold]]s of the engine. In the presence of this oxygen-laden air, further combustion occurs in the manifold and [[exhaust pipe]]. Generally the air is delivered through an engine-driven 'smog pump' and air tubing to the manifolds. This technology was introduced in [[1966]] in California, and was in use for the next several decades. It is not generally in use any longer, having been supplanted by cleaner burning engines and better catalytic converters.<br />
<br />
====Exhaust Gas Recirculation====<br />
Engines produced after the 1973 model year will have an exhaust gas recirculation valve on the intake manifold; its sole purpose is to reduce NOx emissions by introducing exhaust gases into the fuel mixture, lowering exhaust temperatures.<br />
<br />
Around 1990, the Jeep division's powerplants (2.5 and 4.0) were the only engines that eliminated the EGR system.<br />
<br />
====Catalytic converters==== <br />
The [[catalytic converter]] is a device, placed in the exhaust pipe, which converts various emissions into less harmful ones using, generally, a combination of platinum, palladium and rhodium as catalysts. Catalytic converters have been steadily improved over the years. They make for a significant, and easily applied, method for reducing tailpipe emissions. Their other significant effect on pollution was that they were incompatible with the use of [[tetraethyl lead]] as an [[octane]] booster in gasoline, prompting the phasing-out of that additive as converter-fitted cars became more prevalent. The lead emissions were highly damaging to human health, and its virtual elimination has been one of the most successful reductions in air pollution.<br />
<br />
==Evaporative emissions control==<br />
Efforts at the reduction of evaporative emissions include the capturing of vented vapors from within the vehicle, and the reduction of refuelling emissions.<br />
<br />
===Capturing vented vapors===<br />
Within the vehicle, vapors from the fuel tank are channelled through canisters containing [[activated carbon]] instead of being vented to the atmosphere. The vapors are [[adsorbed]] within the canister, which feeds into the [[inlet manifold]] of the engine. When the vehicle is running, the vapors desorb from the carbon, are drawn into the engine and burned. <br />
<br />
Evaporative emissions from the vehicle are limited by law and tested as part of the new vehicle type approval by a so-called SHED-test. The current limit is 2 grams of HC per hour, which may amount to an evaporation of one liter (1/4 gallon)in a month.<br />
<br />
===Reducing refuelling losses===<br />
All modern vehicles have tank filler necks that instead of just being a tube into the tank, as in earlier vehicles, now have a small-diameter hinged and spring-loaded door only large enough for the tip of the filler nozzle. This prevents vapor leakage when the filler cap is removed, and also prevents a catalytic converter-fitted vehicle being refuelled with leaded fuel (since the leaded fuel nozzle is too large to fit).<br />
<br />
This is accompanied by modifications to the [[filling station]] pumps. They are now equipped to suck the vapors back into the pump as they are displaced by fuel. Some have intakes around the head of the filler nozzle, while others have a rubber 'boot' that presses securely around the end of the filler neck to prevent vapors escaping.<br />
<br />
==Emission Testing==<br />
Since 1966, the first [[Emission test cycle|emission test cycle]] was enacted in the State of California measuring tailpipe emissions in PPM (parts per million). The most common test used until the 1980s was the idle test (usually a two-speed idle test), later to be succeeded with a dynamometer (the latest variant is known as the accelerated simulated mode (ASM for short). <br />
<br />
ASM testing tests for three gases instead of two; if one gas emission is higher, the vehicle fails the test. Usually, vehicles under 8500 GVW and ''gasoline powered'' are subjected to ASM testing with the exemption of all-wheel drive vehicles (including full-time four wheel drive).<br />
<br />
Some cities are also using a technology developed by Donald H. Stedman, PhD. (a chemistry professor at the University of Denver) which uses lasers to detect emissions while vehicles pass by on public roads, thus eliminating the need for owners to go to a test center. Stedman's laser detection of exhaust gases is the progenitor of remote sensing devices - commonly used in metropolitan areas. <br />
<br />
By the early 1990s after the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1990, stricter testing criteria was phased in; the EPA introduced the IM240 testing. Around 35 states (as of this writing) have phased in I/M (inspection/maintenance) criteria modeled after the [[California Air Resources Board]]'s emission testing standard. <br />
<br />
California emission testing laws were amended in 1998 when SB 42 was passed - a new criteria phased in was the rolling chassis exemption to which vehicle manufactured between 1973 - 1998 were subjected to emission testing. This law was reversed last year by California governor Arnold Schwarznegger where the rolling chassis exemption was repealed; as of 2005, 1976 and newer vehicles are subjected to testing.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* Schwartz, Joel (2003) ''[http://www.aei.org/book428 No Way Back: Why Air Pollution Will Continue to Decline]'' AEI Press, Washington, D.C.<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[emission standards]]<br />
*[[AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors]]<br />
*[[Roadway air dispersion modeling]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Emissions reduction| ]]<br />
[[Category:Automotive technologies|Emissions Control]]<br />
[[Category:Pollution control technologies|Emissions Control]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Ferrari_248_F1&diff=28225Ferrari 248 F12007-06-22T19:43:54Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[Image:Michael Schumacher Canada 2006.jpg|left|thumb|350px|Michael Schumacher driving the 248 F1 at the [[2006 Canadian Grand Prix]].]]<br />
<br />
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:25em; font-size:90%; text-align:left;"<br />
|+ style="font-size: larger; margin: inherit;" | '''Ferrari 248 F1'''<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Image:Scuderia_Ferrari_Logo.png|100px|thumb]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Category<br />
| [[Formula One]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Constructor<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Team<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Designers<br />
| [[Rory Byrne]]<br>[[Aldo Costa]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Drivers<br />
| 5. [[Michael Schumacher]]<br>6. [[Felipe Massa]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Chassis<br />
| Carbon fibre and honeycomb composite structure<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Suspension (front)<br />
| Independent suspension, push-rod activated torsion springs<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Suspension (rear)<br />
| Independent suspension, push-rod activated torsion springs <br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Engine<br />
| Ferrari 056, Mid-mounted 2.4 litre V8 (90°)<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Gearbox<br />
| Ferrari longitudinal gearbox limited-slip differential, 7 gears + reverse<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Fuel<br />
| [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Tyres<br />
| [[Bridgestone]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Debut<br />
| [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Races competed<br />
| 16<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Championships]]<br />
| 0<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Championships]]<br />
| 0<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Race victories<br />
| 9<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Pole positions<br />
| 8<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Fastest laps<br />
| 8<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] '''248 F1''' is a [[Formula One car]], designed by [[Aldo Costa]] and [[Rory Byrne]] for the [[2006 Formula One season|2006 season]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Name and livery==<br />
The car is named after its [[V8 engine]] - '''24''' is the capacity in decilitres, and '''8''' the number of cylinders. The name breaks the F200x system used from 2001 to 2005, and returns to a system previously used in the [[1950|1950's]] and [[1960|1960's]] (''cf.'' [[Ferrari 312]]). The 248 model was driven by race drivers [[Michael Schumacher]] and [[Felipe Massa]]. The 248 F1 is the first Ferrari since the F1 2000 ''not'' to wear the number one, denoting that the driver is world champion. The car also features new sponsor decals such as [[Martini]].<br />
<br />
==Chassis==<br />
<br />
The car was an update of the previous year's [[Ferrari F2005|F2005]]. Although the V8 engine is shorter than the V10 used in the F2005, the wheelbase is actually the same - a new longer gearbox casing has been used.<br />
<br />
==Aerodynamics==<br />
Some notable features of the new model are the rear view mirrors, which are now mounted on the edge of the sidepods of the car rather than conventional position beside the cockpit.<br />
<br />
At the start of the season the car featured a triple plane front wing. After the first three races, it was replaced by a twin plane wing, in order to generate more airflow to the underside and diffuser.<br />
<br />
Revised rear bodywork was introduced for the [[2006 French Grand Prix|French Grand Prix]], with a more wasited lower body around the exhausts.<br />
<br />
==Engine==<br />
The engine has been reported to have had a power output of 730bhp at the start of the 2006 season, but modifications throughout the year boosted the power to around 785bhp by the season's end.<br />
<br />
==2006 season==<br />
:''Main article: [[2006 Formula One season]]''<br />
The 248 F1 was used by Ferrari in every race of the 2006 season, unlike in other recent seasons ([[2002 Formula One season|2002]], [[2003 Formula One season|2003]] and [[2005 Formula One season|2005]]), in which the team had used the previous year's car at the start of the season, while developing a new car.<br />
<br />
The car performed well in qualifying at the season opener, the [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain Grand Prix]], with an all Ferrari front row. However the performance of the car was generally not as fast as the [[Renault R26]] in the first half of the season.<br />
At the [[2006 Malaysian Grand Prix|Malaysian Grand Prix]], the car suffered siginficant technical problems - a piston problem meant that both drivers had to change their engines during the weekend, incurring qualifying penalties, and for the race the engine speed was limited to prevent a failure. This problem continued to affect the car for the [[2006 Australian Grand Prix|Australian Grand Prix]]<br />
<br />
An aerodynamic upgrade introduced for the [[2006 San Marino Grand Prix|San Marino Grand Prix]] brought the pace of the car to approximately level with the Renault. At the [[2006 United States Grand Prix|United States Grand Prix]], in [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway|Indianapolis]], Ferrari were dominant all weekend, resulting in the first Ferrari one-two finish since the same race 12 months beforehand. This seemed to represent a genuine turning point for the car's competitiveness. Modifications throught the season continued to improved the car's performance, to the point where it was considered the fastest package of all for the remainder of the season - the car won 7 of the last 9 races of the season.<br />
<br />
Overall, the car gave Ferrari 9 race wins and 4 pole positions, and second place finished in both the Drivers' and Constructors' World Championships.<br />
<br />
== 2006/2007 winter testing ==<br />
The F248 has been used in testing prior to the 2007 season, and is the first Ferrari Formula One car which new driver [[Kimi Räikkönen]] has driven, in a test on 23rd January 2007 at the Vallelunga circuit.<br />
<br />
== Race results ==<br />
([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) (results in bold indicate '''pole position''')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
! Year<br />
! Team<br />
! Engine<br />
! Tyres<br />
! Drivers<br />
! 1<br />
! 2<br />
! 3<br />
! 4<br />
! 5<br />
! 6<br />
! 7<br />
! 8<br />
! 9<br />
! 10<br />
! 11<br />
! 12<br />
! 13<br />
! 14<br />
! 15<br />
! 16<br />
! 17<br />
! 18<br />
! Points<br />
! WCC<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[2006 Formula One season|2006]]<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari 248 F1]]<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari 055]] [[V8 engine|V8]]<br />
|rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}}<br />
|<br />
| [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix|BAH]]<br />
| [[2006 Malaysian Grand Prix|MYS]]<br />
| [[2006 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]<br />
| [[2006 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]<br />
| [[2006 European Grand Prix|EUR]]<br />
| [[2006 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br />
| [[2006 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br />
| [[2006 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br />
| [[2006 Canadian Grand Prix|CDN]]<br />
| [[2006 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br />
| [[2006 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br />
| [[2006 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br />
| [[2006 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]<br />
| [[2006 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]]<br />
| [[2006 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br />
| [[2006 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]<br />
| [[2006 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]<br />
| [[2006 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#dfdfdf"|'''201'''<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#dfdfdf"|'''2nd'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Michael Schumacher]]<br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| '''2'''<br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>6</small><br />
|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| <small>Ret</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1'''<br />
|bgcolor="#ffffbf"| <small>1</small><br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| '''5'''<br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1'''<br />
|bgcolor="#ffffbf"| '''1'''<br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| <small>1</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>8</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| <small>3</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| <small>1</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| <small>1</small><br />
|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| <small>Ret</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>4</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[Felipe Massa]]<br />
|bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| <small>9</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>5</small><br />
|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| <small>Ret</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>4</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| <small>3</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>4</small><br />
|bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| <small>9</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>5</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>5</small><br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| <small>3</small><br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>7</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1'''<br />
|bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| <small>9</small><br />
|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| <small>Ret</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFdFDF"| '''2'''<br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Ferrari Formula 1 cars}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.manipef1.com/teams/2006/ferrari.php 248 F1 Technical Specifications (Scroll down)]<br />
*[http://www.manipef1.com/testing/2006/cars.php?id=20 248 F1 Testing Statistics]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Ferrari_248_F1&diff=28224Ferrari 248 F12007-06-22T19:43:26Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:Michael Schumacher Canada 2006.jpg|left|thumb|350px|Michael Schumacher driving the 248 F1 at the [[2006 Canadian Grand Prix]].]]<br />
<br />
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:25em; font-size:90%; text-align:left;"<br />
|+ style="font-size: larger; margin: inherit;" | '''Ferrari 248 F1'''<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Image:Scuderia_Ferrari_Logo.png|100px|thumb]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Category<br />
| [[Formula One]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Constructor<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Team<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Designers<br />
| [[Rory Byrne]]<br>[[Aldo Costa]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Drivers<br />
| 5. [[Michael Schumacher]]<br>6. [[Felipe Massa]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Chassis<br />
| Carbon fibre and honeycomb composite structure<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Suspension (front)<br />
| Independent suspension, push-rod activated torsion springs<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Suspension (rear)<br />
| Independent suspension, push-rod activated torsion springs <br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Engine<br />
| Ferrari 056, Mid-mounted 2.4 litre V8 (90°)<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Gearbox<br />
| Ferrari longitudinal gearbox limited-slip differential, 7 gears + reverse<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Fuel<br />
| [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Tyres<br />
| [[Bridgestone]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Debut<br />
| [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix]]<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Races competed<br />
| 16<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Championships]]<br />
| 0<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Drivers' Championships]]<br />
| 0<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Race victories<br />
| 9<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Pole positions<br />
| 8<br />
|- style="vertical-align: top;"<br />
! Fastest laps<br />
| 8<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] '''248 F1''' is a [[Formula One car]], designed by [[Aldo Costa]] and [[Rory Byrne]] for the [[2006 Formula One season|2006 season]].<br />
<br />
==Name and livery==<br />
The car is named after its [[V8 engine]] - '''24''' is the capacity in decilitres, and '''8''' the number of cylinders. The name breaks the F200x system used from 2001 to 2005, and returns to a system previously used in the [[1950|1950's]] and [[1960|1960's]] (''cf.'' [[Ferrari 312]]). The 248 model was driven by race drivers [[Michael Schumacher]] and [[Felipe Massa]]. The 248 F1 is the first Ferrari since the F1 2000 ''not'' to wear the number one, denoting that the driver is world champion. The car also features new sponsor decals such as [[Martini]].<br />
<br />
==Chassis==<br />
<br />
The car was an update of the previous year's [[Ferrari F2005|F2005]]. Although the V8 engine is shorter than the V10 used in the F2005, the wheelbase is actually the same - a new longer gearbox casing has been used.<br />
<br />
==Aerodynamics==<br />
Some notable features of the new model are the rear view mirrors, which are now mounted on the edge of the sidepods of the car rather than conventional position beside the cockpit.<br />
<br />
At the start of the season the car featured a triple plane front wing. After the first three races, it was replaced by a twin plane wing, in order to generate more airflow to the underside and diffuser.<br />
<br />
Revised rear bodywork was introduced for the [[2006 French Grand Prix|French Grand Prix]], with a more wasited lower body around the exhausts.<br />
<br />
==Engine==<br />
The engine has been reported to have had a power output of 730bhp at the start of the 2006 season, but modifications throughout the year boosted the power to around 785bhp by the season's end.<br />
<br />
==2006 season==<br />
:''Main article: [[2006 Formula One season]]''<br />
The 248 F1 was used by Ferrari in every race of the 2006 season, unlike in other recent seasons ([[2002 Formula One season|2002]], [[2003 Formula One season|2003]] and [[2005 Formula One season|2005]]), in which the team had used the previous year's car at the start of the season, while developing a new car.<br />
<br />
The car performed well in qualifying at the season opener, the [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix|Bahrain Grand Prix]], with an all Ferrari front row. However the performance of the car was generally not as fast as the [[Renault R26]] in the first half of the season.<br />
At the [[2006 Malaysian Grand Prix|Malaysian Grand Prix]], the car suffered siginficant technical problems - a piston problem meant that both drivers had to change their engines during the weekend, incurring qualifying penalties, and for the race the engine speed was limited to prevent a failure. This problem continued to affect the car for the [[2006 Australian Grand Prix|Australian Grand Prix]]<br />
<br />
An aerodynamic upgrade introduced for the [[2006 San Marino Grand Prix|San Marino Grand Prix]] brought the pace of the car to approximately level with the Renault. At the [[2006 United States Grand Prix|United States Grand Prix]], in [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway|Indianapolis]], Ferrari were dominant all weekend, resulting in the first Ferrari one-two finish since the same race 12 months beforehand. This seemed to represent a genuine turning point for the car's competitiveness. Modifications throught the season continued to improved the car's performance, to the point where it was considered the fastest package of all for the remainder of the season - the car won 7 of the last 9 races of the season.<br />
<br />
Overall, the car gave Ferrari 9 race wins and 4 pole positions, and second place finished in both the Drivers' and Constructors' World Championships.<br />
<br />
== 2006/2007 winter testing ==<br />
The F248 has been used in testing prior to the 2007 season, and is the first Ferrari Formula One car which new driver [[Kimi Räikkönen]] has driven, in a test on 23rd January 2007 at the Vallelunga circuit.<br />
<br />
== Race results ==<br />
([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) (results in bold indicate '''pole position''')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
! Year<br />
! Team<br />
! Engine<br />
! Tyres<br />
! Drivers<br />
! 1<br />
! 2<br />
! 3<br />
! 4<br />
! 5<br />
! 6<br />
! 7<br />
! 8<br />
! 9<br />
! 10<br />
! 11<br />
! 12<br />
! 13<br />
! 14<br />
! 15<br />
! 16<br />
! 17<br />
! 18<br />
! Points<br />
! WCC<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[2006 Formula One season|2006]]<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari 248 F1]]<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari 055]] [[V8 engine|V8]]<br />
|rowspan="3"| {{Bridgestone}}<br />
|<br />
| [[2006 Bahrain Grand Prix|BAH]]<br />
| [[2006 Malaysian Grand Prix|MYS]]<br />
| [[2006 Australian Grand Prix|AUS]]<br />
| [[2006 San Marino Grand Prix|SMR]]<br />
| [[2006 European Grand Prix|EUR]]<br />
| [[2006 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br />
| [[2006 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br />
| [[2006 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br />
| [[2006 Canadian Grand Prix|CDN]]<br />
| [[2006 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br />
| [[2006 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br />
| [[2006 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br />
| [[2006 Hungarian Grand Prix|HUN]]<br />
| [[2006 Turkish Grand Prix|TUR]]<br />
| [[2006 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br />
| [[2006 Chinese Grand Prix|CHN]]<br />
| [[2006 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]<br />
| [[2006 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#dfdfdf"|'''201'''<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#dfdfdf"|'''2nd'''<br />
|-<br />
| [[Michael Schumacher]]<br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| '''2'''<br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>6</small><br />
|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| <small>Ret</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1'''<br />
|bgcolor="#ffffbf"| <small>1</small><br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| '''5'''<br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1'''<br />
|bgcolor="#ffffbf"| '''1'''<br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| <small>1</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>8</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| <small>3</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| <small>1</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| <small>1</small><br />
|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| <small>Ret</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>4</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[Felipe Massa]]<br />
|bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| <small>9</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>5</small><br />
|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| <small>Ret</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>4</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| <small>3</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>4</small><br />
|bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| <small>9</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>5</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>5</small><br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| <small>3</small><br />
|bgcolor="#dfdfdf"| <small>2</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| <small>7</small><br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1'''<br />
|bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| <small>9</small><br />
|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| <small>Ret</small><br />
|bgcolor="#DFdFDF"| '''2'''<br />
|bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Ferrari Formula 1 cars}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.manipef1.com/teams/2006/ferrari.php 248 F1 Technical Specifications (Scroll down)]<br />
*[http://www.manipef1.com/testing/2006/cars.php?id=20 248 F1 Testing Statistics]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo_147&diff=28223Alfa Romeo 1472007-06-22T19:42:55Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| border=1 align="right" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=250 style="margin-left:3em; margin-bottom: 2em;"<br />
|colspan=2|[[Image:Alfa Romeo 147 black vl.jpg|250px|Alfa Romeo 147]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2 style="color: white; background: darkred;"|Alfa Romeo 147<br />
|-<br />
|width="40%"|Manufacturer:||[[Alfa Romeo]]<br />
|-<br />
|Production:||[[2000]]&ndash;present<br />
|-<br />
|Body Styles:||[[FF layout|FF]] [[compact car|compact]] 3-door & 5-door [[hatchback]]<br />
|-<br />
|Predecessors:||[[Alfa Romeo 145|Alfa Romeo 145/156]]<br />
|-<br />
|Successors:||Still in production<br>[[Alfa Romeo 149]]<br />
|-<br />
|Competitors:||[[Audi A3]]<br>[[BMW 1-Series]]<br />
|}<br />
The '''Alfa Romeo 147''' is a [[compact car|compact]] automobile produced by the [[Italy|Italian]] manufacturer [[Alfa Romeo]] since [[2000]]. <br />
<br />
Thr 147 was launched at the [[2000]] Turin Motorshow as a replacement for the aging [[Alfa Romeo 145|145 & 146]] hatchbacks, and is based on the running gear of the larger 156 saloon. It is available with 1.6- and 2.0-liter inline four-cylinder gasoline engines and a 1.9-liter diesel engine. The 147 received considerable praise for its styling on launch, and is still considered to be one of the best-looking cars in its class. Its handling was also praised, in spite of criticism regarding the light (sensitive) steering, which makes some drivers feel less involved. However, light steering does help during parking manuevers. Other criticisms of the 147 included a cumbersome gearshift, unsupportive seats and the lack of interior space compared to its rivals. The car became well-known for its engine note, which is unusually mellifluous for a car of its class. <sup>[http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/roadtest/43974/alfa_romeo_147.html] [http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/roadtest/43974/2/verdict/alfa_romeo_147.html][http://www.parkers.co.uk/choosing/carreviews/review.aspx?model_id=1]</sup> The 147 was also voted [[Car of the Year|European Car of the Year]] for 2001.<br />
<br />
The 147 suffers from poor resale value. One of the main reasons for this is the bad reputation Alfa Romeo and Italian marques in general have for reliability and durability, though the 147 has so far proven itself to be considerably more reliable than previous generations of Italian cars. However, this is mostly because customers usually opt for manual transmissions and avoid the V-6 powered GTA. Nevertheless, even though major breakdowns are not a serious problem for the 147, smaller, mostly electronic faults are (e.g., warning lights unnecessarily coming on and engine oil being burned even in brand-new engines).<sup>[http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/usedcars_roadtest/50543/2/verdict/alfa_romeo_145146.html]</sup><br />
<br />
The high-performance 147 GTA model was launched in [[2002]]. The GTA used a 3.2 V6 engine, produced 250bhp and could exceed 150mph; the use of the V6 engine being quite unique in a car of its size. Its competitors in Europe include the Audi A3 3.2 and the [[Renault Clio|Renault Sport Clio V-6]] (a car that pioneered the concept of the powerful [[V6]] hot hatch in [[2001]]). The GTA is lighter than both of these rivals, despite producing around the same level of power.<br />
<br />
The entire 147 range was revamped in [[2004]], with the exterior styling changed considerably to be more reminiscent of the new [[Alfa Romeo 159|159]] and [[Alfa Romeo Brera|Brera]] models.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Alfa Romeo}}<br />
<br />
{{Alfa Romeo modern timeline}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo_149&diff=28222Alfa Romeo 1492007-06-22T19:42:24Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
The '''Alfa Romeo 149''' is the replacement for the model [[Alfa Romeo 147]]. It should come at the end of [[2007]] or at the beginning of [[2008]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.infomotori.co.uk/a_4_EN_17436_1.html]<br />
*[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/06/29/20072008-alfa-romeo-149-artist-impression/ Alfa Romeo 149 Artist Impression]<br />
*[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/11/06/more-previews-of-the-alfa-romeo-149/ Preview of the Alfa Romeo 149]<br />
<br />
{{Alfa Romeo modern timeline}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|149]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{modern-auto-stub}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo_149&diff=28221Alfa Romeo 1492007-06-22T19:42:01Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
The '''Alfa Romeo 149''' is the replacement for the model [[Alfa Romeo 147]]. It should come at the end of [[2007]] or at the beginning of [[2008]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*[http://www.infomotori.co.uk/a_4_EN_17436_1.html]<br />
*[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/06/29/20072008-alfa-romeo-149-artist-impression/ Alfa Romeo 149 Artist Impression]<br />
*[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/11/06/more-previews-of-the-alfa-romeo-149/ Preview of the Alfa Romeo 149]<br />
<br />
{{Alfa Romeo modern timeline}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|149]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{modern-auto-stub}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo_GT&diff=28220Alfa Romeo GT2007-06-22T19:39:11Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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{| border=1 align="right" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=250 style="margin-left:3em; margin-bottom: 2em;"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=2|[[Image:Alfa Romeo GT black vl.jpg|250px|Alfa Romeo GT]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2 style="color: white; background: darkred;"|[[Alfa Romeo GT]]<br />
|-<br />
|Manufacturer:||[[Alfa Romeo]]<br />
|-<br />
|Class:||[[FF layout|front-engined]] [[Coupe|coupe]]<br />
|-<br />
|Production:||[[2004]]-present<br />
|-<br />
|Predecessor:||None<br />
|-<br />
|Successor:||Still in production<br />
|-<br />
|Body styles:||[[coupé|coupé]]<br />
|-<br />
|Engines:||2.0<br>3.2 V6<br>1.9 JTD [[diesel]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The '''Alfa Romeo GT''' is a [[coupe]] automobile manufactured by the [[Italy|Italian]] manufacturer [[Alfa Romeo]] since [[2004]]. <br />
<br />
The GT is based on the larger [[Alfa Romeo 156|156]] sedan, with the coupé body styled by [[Bertone]]. Most mechanicals are taken directly from the 156, with some influence from the slightly more modern [[Alfa Romeo 147|147]] in the double wishbone front suspension setup and the multilink rear system. The interior is based heavily on the [[Alfa Romeo 147|147]] and utilises many common parts, the GT utilises the same dash layout and functions as well as having very similar electrical systems. The engine range includes 2.0 petrol engine, a 1.9 MultiJet [[turbodiesel]], and the top-of-the-range 3.2 [[V6]] Petrol. <br />
<br />
== Appearance ==<br />
<br />
The Alfa GT may be the most attractive Alfa Romeo for years, with a svelte but powerful-looking shape, aggressive front end and poised rear. But Alfa's ad proclamation, 'beauty is not enough' holds true here.<br />
<br />
The GT wears 16-inch alloy wheels as standard, but 17-inch wheels are a must-have option. There are 18-inch alloy wheels available, but the extra width pinches from the GT's 11.5-metre turning circle. The fitting of the 18" wheel option also introduces torque-steer in the higher torque engines like the 1.9 Diesel and the 3.2 Petrol. The 18" multispoke alloys are undoubtably the best looking option, however this is offset by the need for significant regular cleaning with range of weird shaped brushes in a variety of sizes in order to keep them looking nice in the opinion of owners.<br />
<br />
== Engines ==<br />
<br />
The 240bhp 3.2-litre V6 is magnificent but provokes loads of torque steer while the 1.9-litre JTD diesel proves to be a popular choice in comparison to the petrol 2.0-litre engine.<br />
<br />
Engine Specifications (from Alfa Romeo marketing material):<br />
<br />
{| table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=5 style="font-size: 95%"<br />
|-tr BGCOLOR="darkred"<br />
!Engine <br />
!3.2L V6 Petrol <br />
!2.0L "JTS" <br />
!1.9L "JTDM" Diesel<br />
|-<br />
|Layout: <br />
|6 cylinder Vee 24v <br />
|4 cylinder 16v <br />
|4 cylinder 16v<br />
|-<br />
|Max Power: <br />
|240bhp @ 6,200rpm <br />
|165bhp @ 6,400rpm <br />
|150bhp @ 4,000rpm<br />
|-<br />
|Torque: <br />
|289Nm @ 4,800rpm <br />
|206Nm @ 3,250rpm <br />
|305Nm @ 2,000rpm<br />
|-tr BGCOLOR="darkred"<br />
|Fuel consumption (mpg (l/100km)): <br />
|-<br />
|urban <br />
|15.2 (18.6) <br />
|23.2 (12.2) <br />
|33.2 (8.5)<br />
|-<br />
|extra-urban <br />
|32.5 (8.7) <br />
|42.2 (6.7) <br />
|57.6 (4.9)<br />
|-<br />
|combined : <br />
|22.8 (12.4) <br />
|32.5 (8.7) <br />
|45.6 (6.2)<br />
|-<br />
|CO2 emissions g/km : <br />
|295 <br />
|207 <br />
|165<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The 3.2L V6 Petrol unit is without question the sports option with its large power output and distinctive Alfa Romeo soundtrack, unique to the Alfa V6 family of engines. The 2.0L petrol has direct injection and is an improvement on the older 2.0L petrol unit found in the Alfa 156 on which the GT is based, with 15 BHP more power and more frugal consumption. <br />
<br />
The 1.9 direct injection diesel unit seems to be the most popular option however, the high torque output at low revs giving more of a feeling of power at "normal" road speeds compared to the 2.0L petrol which requires much higher revs to produce its maximum power output and is best suited to being driven hard. This combined with the significant gain in fuel economy (see statistics above) make the Diesel a popular choice, the basic engine being of a shared design with GM, but with Alfa Romeo specfic tuning and options. The economy of the Diesel combined with the power and 6 speed gearbox make it a real GT car with a range of around 600 miles per tank at motorway speeds.<br />
<br />
== Braking System ==<br />
<br />
For stopping power, there are 284mm ventilated discs up front and 276mm at the rear. ABS anti-lock brakes with electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) and hydraulic brake assistance (HBA) act on all four wheels to reduce stopping distances in poor conditions.<br />
<br />
== Alternate versions ==<br />
<br />
A heavily modified and tuned 3.2 V6 GT with Rotrex [[supercharger]] is available from [[Autodelta]] UK.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0UpLIAdX5Q '''Alfa Romeo GT Video''']<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Alfa Romeo}}<br />
<br />
{{Alfa Romeo modern timeline}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|GT]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Ferrari_360&diff=28219Ferrari 3602007-06-22T19:35:56Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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[[Image:ferrari360spider.jpg|thumb|left|450px|'''Ferrari 360 Spider at Wheels Of Italy''']]<br />
<br />
{| border=1 align="right" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=250 style="margin-left:3em; margin-bottom: 2em;"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=2|[[Image:Ferrari.GTracecar.JPG|250px| Ferrari 360 GT Race Car]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2 style="color: white; background: darkred;"|Ferrari 360<br>Modena, Spider, Challenge Stradale<br />
|-<br />
|Manufacturer:||[[Ferrari]]<br />
|-<br />
|Class:||[[MR layout|mid-engined]] [[coupe]]<br />
|-<br />
|Production:||[[1999]] &mdash; [[2004]]<br />
|-<br />
|Predecessor:||[[Ferrari F355]]<br />
|-<br />
|Successor:||[[Ferrari F430]]<br />
|-<br />
|Body Styles:||[[Berlinetta]]<br>[[Spyder|Spider]]<br />
|-<br />
|Engines:||3.6&nbsp;L [[V8]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=2|''This article is part of the [[automobile]] series.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
'''Ferrari 360''' is the name given to three models of [[Ferrari]] cars: the '''Ferrari 360 Modena''', an enclosed two-door coupe; the '''Ferrari 360 Spider''', a two-door convertible; and the '''Ferrari Challenge Stradale''', the bare-bones version of the 360 Modena. All have eight-cylinder engines and aluminum chassis. The 360 was replaced by the [[Ferrari F430]] in [[2005]].<br />
<br />
== 360 Modena == <br />
[[Image:Ferrari_360_Modena.jpg|right|thumb|250px]]<br />
[[Image:Ferrari_360_Modena_Interior.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The 360 is available with an F1 semi-automatic gearbox controlled by "paddles" mounted on the [[steering wheel]]]]<br />
[[Image:Ferrari_360_Modena_Engine_Cover.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The 360's [[V8]] engine is visible under a glass cover]]<br />
<br />
=== Description ===<br />
<br />
Intended as successor to the [[Ferrari F355|F355]], the '''360 Modena''' features styling by [[Pininfarina]], significant weight reduction, and an improved mid-mounted V8 engine; it is the first production Ferrari to be constructed entirely of aluminum. Its six-speed gearbox is available as a manual or [[Formula One|F1]] electrohydraulic shift. The car went into production in 1999.<br />
<br />
=== Specifications ===<br />
<br />
'''Dimensions'''<br />
<br />
*Overall length: 4,477 mm (176.3 in)<br />
*Overall width: 1,922 mm (75.7 in)<br />
*Height: 1,214 mm (46.6 in)<br />
*Wheelbase: 2,600 mm (102.3 in)<br />
*Front track: 1,669 mm (65.7 in)<br />
*Rear track: 1,617 mm (63.6 in)<br />
*Weight: 1,290 kg (2,844 lb)<br />
*Kerb weight: 1,390 kg (3,064 lb)<br />
*Weight distribution: 43/57% front/rear<br />
*Fuel capacity: 95 L (25.1 US gal)<br />
<br />
'''Engine'''<br />
<br />
*No. of cylinders: 90° V8 F131<br />
*Bore & stroke: 85 by 79 mm (3.34 by 3.11in)<br />
*Unit displacement: 448.2 cc (27.36 in&sup3;)<br />
*Total displacement: 3,586 cc (218.84 in&sup3;)<br />
*Maximum power: 294 kW (400 bhp) @ 8,500 rpm<br />
*Maximum torque: 373 Nm (275.6 lb.ft) @ 4,750 rpm<br />
<br />
'''Performance'''<br />
<br />
*0-60 : 4.3 sec<br />
*0-100 : 9.8 sec<br />
*0-1/4 mile : 12.6 @ 114mph<br />
*Top Speed : 191 mph<br />
<br />
== 360 Spider ==<br />
<br />
=== Description ===<br />
<br />
The '''360 Spider''' is [[Ferrari]]'s 20th road-going convertible and certainly its most advanced to date. It is simply the convertible version of the 360 Modena and its specs match those of the Modena almost exactly.<br />
<br />
=== Specifications ===<br />
<br />
'''Dimensions'''<br />
<br />
*Overall: length 4,477 mm (176.3 in)<br />
*Overall: width 1,922 mm (75.7 in)<br />
*Height: 1,235 mm (48.6 in)<br />
*Wheelbase: 2,600 mm (102.3 in)<br />
*Front track: 1,669 mm (65.7 in)<br />
*Rear track: 1,617 mm (63.6 in)<br />
*Weight: 1,350 kg (2,976 lb)<br />
*Kerb weight: 1,450 kg (3,197 lb)<br />
*Weight distribution: 42/58% front/rear<br />
*Fuel capacity: 95 L (25.1 US gal)<br />
<br />
'''Engine'''<br />
<br />
*No. of cylinders: 90° V8 F131<br />
*Bore & stroke: 85 by 79 mm (3.34 by 3.11in)<br />
*Unit displacement: 448.2 cc (27.36 in&sup3;)<br />
*Total displacement: 3,586 cc (218.84 in&sup3;)<br />
*Maximum power: 294 kW (400 bhp) @ 8,500 rpm<br />
*Maximum torque: 373 Nm (275.6 lb.ft) @ 4,750 rpm<br />
<br />
'''Performance'''<br />
<br />
*0-60 : 4.5 sec<br />
*0-100 : 10.1 sec<br />
*0-1/4 mile : 12.7 @ 112mph<br />
*Top Speed : 186 mph<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2002 Ferrari 360 Spider'''<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 1.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 2.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 3.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 4.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 5.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 6.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 7.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 8.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 9.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 10.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 11.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 12.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 13.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 14.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 15.jpg<br />
image:2002 Ferrari 360 Spider 16.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Challenge Stradale ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ferrari 360 Challenge Stradale.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The 360 Challenge Stradale has [[carbon fibre]] wing mirrors that are smaller than those of the standard car]]<br />
<br />
=== Description ===<br />
<br />
The Ferrari tradition, epitomized by the [[Ferrari F50|F50]] model, is one of stripped-down performance and not of luxury. This tradition has recently been let go in favor of the leather and ornamentation of the [[Ferrari 360 Modena|360 Modena]] and [[Ferrari 575M Maranello|575M Maranello]], but Ferrari returned to its roots for the '''Challenge Stradale'''. It is a two-door coupe and is essentially the 360 Modena from the outside, though its aerodynamics have been reworked slightly. The main differences are a stripped-out aluminum chassis (causing a significantly lighter vehicle), an upgraded 3.6-liter V8 engine, improved suspension and brakes, and a [[Formula One]]-style sequential gearshift.<br />
<br />
It was officially introduced in March of 2003 at the [[Geneva International Motor Show]] and went into production shortly therafter.<br />
<br />
=== Specifications ===<br />
<br />
'''Dimensions'''<br />
<br />
*Overall length: 4,477 mm (176.3 in)<br />
*Overall width: 1,922 mm (75.7 in)<br />
*Height: 1,199 mm (47.2 in)<br />
*Wheelbase: 2,600 mm (102.4 in)<br />
*Front track: 1,669 mm (65.7 in)<br />
*Rear track: 1,617 mm (63.7 in)<br />
*Kerb weight: 1180 kg (2,601 lb)<br />
*Fuel capacity: 95 L (25.1 US gal)<br />
<br />
'''Engine'''<br />
<br />
*No. of cylinders: 90° V8 F131<br />
*Bore & stroke: 85 by 79 mm (3.34 by 3.11in)<br />
*Unit displacement: 448.2 cm&sup3; (27.36 in&sup3;)<br />
*Total displacement: 3.586 L (218.84 in&sup3;)<br />
*Compression ratio: 11.2:1<br />
*Maximum power: 425 bhp (317 kW) at 8500 rpm<br />
*Maximum torque: 275.6 lb.ft (373 Nm) at 4750 rpm<br />
<br />
'''Performance'''<br />
<br />
*0-60 : 4.1 sec<br />
*0-100 : 9.6 sec<br />
*0-1/4 mile : 12.4 @ 115mph<br />
*Top Speed : 190 mph<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Ferrari vehicles}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ferrari vehicles|360]][[Category:Sports cars]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Grand_Prix_des_Nations&diff=28134Grand Prix des Nations2007-06-21T19:30:47Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300"><br />
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=darkred><big>Grand Prix des Nations</big></th></tr><br />
<tr><td>Region:</td><td>[[France]]</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Date:</td><td>September</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Type:</td><td>One-day race</td></tr><br />
<tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor=darkred>History</th></tr><br />
<tr><td>First Edition:</td><td valign="top">1932</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Editions:</td><td valign="top">70</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>First Winner:</td><td valign="top">[[Maurice Archambaud]] ({{FRA}})</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Last Winner:</td><td valign="top">[[Michael Rich]] ({{GER}})</td></tr><br />
<tr><td>Most Wins:</td><td valign="top">[[Jacques Anquetil]] ({{FRA}}),<br>9 times</td></tr><br />
</table>The '''Grand Prix des Nations''' was an [[individual time trial]] (a race against the clock or ''contre la montre'') for Europe's leading professional racing [[cyclist]]s. Held annually in [[France]], it was instituted in [[1932]] and was often regarded as both the unofficial time trial championship of the world and as a [[Classic cycle races|Classic cycle race]].<br />
<br />
The introduction of an official world time trial championship (in [[1994]]) and an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] championship ([[1996]]) reduced its importance. With the introduction of the [[UCI ProTour]] in [[2005]], the event was removed from the calendar.<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Race distances have varied over the years. Until [[1955]], it was usually run over a course of approximately 140km; six years later, the distance was 100km; from [[1965]] onwards the distance rarely exceeded 90km, with many events run over a course of around 75km.<br />
<br />
The early events were run in the [[Vallée de Chevreuse]] in the [[Paris]] area, then near [[Cannes]] on the [[French Riviera]]; for five years from 1993, it was held at the Madine Lake in the [[Meuse]] region; from 1998, it has taken place in [[Seine-Maritime]] ''[[département]]'', being two circuits of a 35km course around [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]].<br />
<br />
The roll of honour for the event includes many of professional cycling's greatest [[time trialist]]s, but the event's history was dominated by two [[France|French]]men: [[Jacques Anquetil]] won the event nine times, [[Bernard Hinault]] achieved five victories.<br />
<br />
Top [[United Kingdom|British]] amateur woman racing cyclist [[Beryl Burton]] competed in the [[1967]] edition, finishing only minutes behind her male professional rivals.<br />
<br />
== Winners ==<br />
{| width=100% border=5<br />
| width=33% align=left valing=top |<br />
*[[2004]] - [[Michael Rich]] {{GER}}<br />
*[[2003]] - [[Michael Rich]] {{GER}}<br />
*[[2002]] - [[Uwe Peschel]] {{GER}}<br />
*[[2001]] - [[Jens Voigt]] {{GER}}<br />
*[[2000]] - [[Lance Armstrong]] {{USA}}<br />
*[[1999]] - [[Sergej Gontsjar]] {{UZB}}<br />
*[[1998]] - [[Francisque Teyssier]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1997]] - [[Uwe Peschel]] {{GER}} <br />
*[[1996]] - [[Chris Boardman]] {{GBR}}<br />
*[[1995]] - ''no race''<br />
*[[1994]] - [[Tony Rominger]] {{SUI}}<br />
*[[1993]] - [[Armand de las Cuevas]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1992]] - [[Johan Bruyneel]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1991]] - [[Tony Rominger]] {{SUI}}<br />
*[[1990]] - [[Thomas Wegmuller]] {{SUI}}<br />
*[[1989]] - [[Laurent Fignon]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1988]] - [[Charly Mottet]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1987]] - [[Charly Mottet]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1986]] - [[Sean Kelly]] {{IRL}}<br />
*[[1985]] - [[Charly Mottet]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1984]] - [[Bernard Hinault]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1983]] - [[Daniel Gisiger]] {{SUI}}<br />
*[[1982]] - [[Bernard Hinault]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1981]] - [[Daniel Gisiger]] {{SUI}}<br />
| width=34% align=left valing=top |<br />
*[[1980]] - [[Jean Luc Vandenbroucke]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1979]] - [[Bernard Hinault]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1978]] - [[Bernard Hinault]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1977]] - [[Bernard Hinault]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1976]] - [[Freddy Maertens]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1975]] - [[Roy Schuiten]] {{NED}}<br />
*[[1974]] - [[Roy Schuiten]] {{NED}}<br />
*[[1973]] - [[Eddy Merckx]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1972]] - [[Roger Swerts]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1971]] - [[Luis Ocana]] {{SPA}}<br />
*[[1970]] - [[Herman van Springel]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1969]] - [[Herman van Springel]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1968]] - [[Felice Gimondi]] {{ITA}}<br />
*[[1967]] - [[Felice Gimondi]] {{ITA}}<br />
*[[1966]] - [[Jacques Anquetil]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1965]] - [[Jacques Anquetil]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1964]] - [[Walter Boucquet]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1963]] - [[Raymond Poulidor]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1962]] - [[Ferdinand Bracke]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1961]] - [[Jacques Anquetil]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1960]] - [[Ercole Baldini]] {{ITA}}<br />
*[[1959]] - [[Aldo Moser]] {{ITA}}<br />
*[[1958]] - [[Jacques Anquetil]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1957]] - [[Jacques Anquetil]] {{FRA}}<br />
| width=33% align=left valing=top |<br />
*[[1956]] - [[Jacques Anquetil]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1955]] - [[Jacques Anquetil]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1954]] - [[Jacques Anquetil]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1953]] - [[Jacques Anquetil]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1952]] - [[Louison Bobet]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1951]] - [[Hugo Koblet]] {{SUI}}<br />
*[[1950]] - [[Maurice Blomme]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1949]] - [[Charles Coste]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1948]] - [[René Berton]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1947]] - [[Fausto Coppi]] {{ITA}}<br />
*[[1946]] - [[Fausto Coppi]] {{ITA}}<br />
*[[1945]] - [[Eloi Tassin]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1944]] - [[Emile Carrara]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1943]] - [[Jozef Somers]] {{BEL}}<br />
*[[1942]] - [[Jean Marie Goasmat]] {{FRA}} / [[Emile Idee]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1941]] - [[Jules Rossi]] {{ITA}} / [[Louis Aimar]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1938]] - [[Louis Aimar]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1937]] - [[Pierre Cogan]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1936]] - [[Antonin Magne]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1935]] - [[Antonin Magne]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1934]] - [[Antonin Magne]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1933]] - [[Raymond Louviot]] {{FRA}}<br />
*[[1932]] - [[Maurice Archambaud]] {{FRA}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:cycle racing]]<br />
[[Category:cycle races]]<br />
[[Category:cycle racing in France]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Lucien_Bianchi&diff=28133Lucien Bianchi2007-06-21T19:29:48Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
{| border=1 align="right" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=220 style="margin-left:3em; margin-bottom: 2em;"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=2|[[Image:dBianchi.jpg|220px]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2 style="color: white; background: darkred;"|'''Luciano "Lucien" Bianchi'''<br />
|-<br />
|Nationality || Belgium<br />
|-<br />
|Years || 1959 - 1963, 1965, 1968 <br />
|-<br />
|Team(s) || [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]], [[British Racing Partnership|UDT Laystall]], [[Reg Parnell]], [[Scuderia Centro Sud]], [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]] <br />
|-<br />
|Races || 19 <br />
|-<br />
|Championships || 0 <br />
|-<br />
|Wins || 0 <br />
|-<br />
|Podiums || 1 <br />
|-<br />
|Poles || 0 <br />
|-<br />
|Fastest laps || 0 <br />
|-<br />
|First race || [[1959 Monaco Grand Prix|1956]] [[Monaco Grand Prix]]<br />
|-<br />
|First win || <br />
|-<br />
|Last win || <br />
|-<br />
|Last race || [[1968 Mexican Grand Prix|1968]] [[Mexican Grand Prix]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Lucien Bianchi''' (born '''Luciano Bianchi''' on [[November 10]] [[1934]] in [[Milan]], [[Italy]]; died [[March 30]] [[1969]] at [[Circuit de la Sarthe|Le Mans]], [[France]]) was a [[Belgian]] [[Formula One]] driver who raced for the [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]], [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]], [[British Racing Partnership|UDT Laystall]] and [[Scuderia Centro Sud]] teams. <br />
<br />
The Italian-born Bianchi moved to [[Belgium]] when he was still a child, with his father who was a race mechanic. His first race event was at the [[Alpine Rally]] in 1951. He won the 1957, 1958 and 1959 ''[[Tour de France automobile|Tour de France]]'' as well as the Paris 1000 sports car race in the latter two years. He entered Formula 1 in 1959, although only with sporadic appearances at first. He drove various cars under the banner of the [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]] team, including a Cooper T51, a [[Team Lotus|Lotus]] 18 and an [[Emeryson]]. After a couple of races for the UDT Laystall team in 1961, driving another Lotus, he returned to ENB for whom he drove their ENB-[[Maserati]]. He finally secured a more regular drive in Formula 1 in 1968, with the Cooper-BRM team, although success was elusive despite a bright start.<br />
<br />
Bianchi also raced [[touring car]]s, [[sports car racing|sports cars]] and [[rally car]]s, being successful in all disciplines; his biggest victories coming in the 1968 [[Le Mans 24 Hours]], behind the wheel of a [[Ford GT40]] with [[Pedro Rodriguez]] and at [[Sebring]] in 1962 with [[Jo Bonnier]]. He was also leading the London-Sydney marathon when his [[Citroën]] collided with a non-competing car. but early 1969 he was killed when his [[Alfa Romeo]] T33 spun into a telegraph pole during [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]] testing. <br />
<br />
==Complete Formula One Results==<br />
([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position)<br />
{| table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=5 style="font-size: 95%"<br />
|- tr BGCOLOR="darkred" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
! Year<br />
! Team<br />
! 1<br />
! 2<br />
! 3<br />
! 4<br />
! 5<br />
! 6<br />
! 7<br />
! 8<br />
! 9<br />
! 10<br />
! 11<br />
! 12<br />
! Team<br />
! WDC<br />
! Points<br />
|-<br />
| [[1959 Formula One season|1959]]<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| [[1959 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>DNQ</small><br />
| [[1959 Indianapolis 500|INDY]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 German Grand Prix|DEU]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1960 Formula One season|1960]]<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| [[1960 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Indianapolis 500|INDY]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>6</small><br />
| [[1960 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1960 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1960 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
! Fred Tuck Cars<br />
| 24th<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[1961 Formula One season|1961]]<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| [[1961 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>DNQ</small><br />
| [[1961 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1961 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1961 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1961 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1961 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1961 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1961 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[British Racing Partnership|UDT Laystall]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Formula One season|1962]]<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| [[1962 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>9</small><br />
| [[1962 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>16</small><br />
| [[1962 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1963 Formula One season|1963]]<br />
! [[Reg Parnell]]<br />
| [[1963 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1963 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[Reg Parnell]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1965 Formula One season|1965]]<br />
! [[Scuderia Centro Sud]]<br />
| [[1965 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>12</small><br />
| [[1965 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[Scuderia Centro Sud]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1968 Formula One season|1968]]<br />
! [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]]<br />
| [[1968 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>3</small><br />
| [[1968 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>6</small><br />
| [[1968 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1968 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1968 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>NC</small><br />
| [[1968 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1968 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
! [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]]<br />
| 17th<br />
| 5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Belgian Formula One drivers|Bianchi, Lucien]]<br />
[[Category:Racecar drivers killed while racing|Bianchi, Lucien]]<br />
[[Category:Italian-Belgians|Bianchi, Lucien]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Lucien_Bianchi&diff=28132Lucien Bianchi2007-06-21T19:29:13Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
{| border=1 align="right" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=250 style="margin-left:3em; margin-bottom: 2em;"<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=2|[[Image:dBianchi.jpg|thumb|right|200px]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2 style="color: white; background: darkred;"|'''Luciano "Lucien" Bianchi'''<br />
|-<br />
|Nationality || Belgium<br />
|-<br />
|Years || 1959 - 1963, 1965, 1968 <br />
|-<br />
|Team(s) || [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]], [[British Racing Partnership|UDT Laystall]], [[Reg Parnell]], [[Scuderia Centro Sud]], [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]] <br />
|-<br />
|Races || 19 <br />
|-<br />
|Championships || 0 <br />
|-<br />
|Wins || 0 <br />
|-<br />
|Podiums || 1 <br />
|-<br />
|Poles || 0 <br />
|-<br />
|Fastest laps || 0 <br />
|-<br />
|First race || [[1959 Monaco Grand Prix|1956]] [[Monaco Grand Prix]]<br />
|-<br />
|First win || <br />
|-<br />
|Last win || <br />
|-<br />
|Last race || [[1968 Mexican Grand Prix|1968]] [[Mexican Grand Prix]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Lucien Bianchi''' (born '''Luciano Bianchi''' on [[November 10]] [[1934]] in [[Milan]], [[Italy]]; died [[March 30]] [[1969]] at [[Circuit de la Sarthe|Le Mans]], [[France]]) was a [[Belgian]] [[Formula One]] driver who raced for the [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]], [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]], [[British Racing Partnership|UDT Laystall]] and [[Scuderia Centro Sud]] teams. <br />
<br />
The Italian-born Bianchi moved to [[Belgium]] when he was still a child, with his father who was a race mechanic. His first race event was at the [[Alpine Rally]] in 1951. He won the 1957, 1958 and 1959 ''[[Tour de France automobile|Tour de France]]'' as well as the Paris 1000 sports car race in the latter two years. He entered Formula 1 in 1959, although only with sporadic appearances at first. He drove various cars under the banner of the [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]] team, including a Cooper T51, a [[Team Lotus|Lotus]] 18 and an [[Emeryson]]. After a couple of races for the UDT Laystall team in 1961, driving another Lotus, he returned to ENB for whom he drove their ENB-[[Maserati]]. He finally secured a more regular drive in Formula 1 in 1968, with the Cooper-BRM team, although success was elusive despite a bright start.<br />
<br />
Bianchi also raced [[touring car]]s, [[sports car racing|sports cars]] and [[rally car]]s, being successful in all disciplines; his biggest victories coming in the 1968 [[Le Mans 24 Hours]], behind the wheel of a [[Ford GT40]] with [[Pedro Rodriguez]] and at [[Sebring]] in 1962 with [[Jo Bonnier]]. He was also leading the London-Sydney marathon when his [[Citroën]] collided with a non-competing car. but early 1969 he was killed when his [[Alfa Romeo]] T33 spun into a telegraph pole during [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans]] testing. <br />
<br />
==Complete Formula One Results==<br />
([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position)<br />
{| table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=5 style="font-size: 95%"<br />
|- tr BGCOLOR="darkred" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
! Year<br />
! Team<br />
! 1<br />
! 2<br />
! 3<br />
! 4<br />
! 5<br />
! 6<br />
! 7<br />
! 8<br />
! 9<br />
! 10<br />
! 11<br />
! 12<br />
! Team<br />
! WDC<br />
! Points<br />
|-<br />
| [[1959 Formula One season|1959]]<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| [[1959 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>DNQ</small><br />
| [[1959 Indianapolis 500|INDY]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 German Grand Prix|DEU]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1959 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1960 Formula One season|1960]]<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| [[1960 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Indianapolis 500|INDY]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>6</small><br />
| [[1960 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1960 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1960 Portuguese Grand Prix|POR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1960 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
! Fred Tuck Cars<br />
| 24th<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| [[1961 Formula One season|1961]]<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| [[1961 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>DNQ</small><br />
| [[1961 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1961 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1961 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1961 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1961 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1961 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1961 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[British Racing Partnership|UDT Laystall]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Formula One season|1962]]<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| [[1962 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>9</small><br />
| [[1962 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>16</small><br />
| [[1962 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1962 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[Ecurie Nationale Belge|ENB]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1963 Formula One season|1963]]<br />
! [[Reg Parnell]]<br />
| [[1963 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1963 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1963 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[Reg Parnell]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1965 Formula One season|1965]]<br />
! [[Scuderia Centro Sud]]<br />
| [[1965 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>12</small><br />
| [[1965 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1965 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]<br /><small></small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
! [[Scuderia Centro Sud]]<br />
| -<br />
| 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[1968 Formula One season|1968]]<br />
! [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]]<br />
| [[1968 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>3</small><br />
| [[1968 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br><small>6</small><br />
| [[1968 Dutch Grand Prix|DUT]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1968 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1968 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small></small><br />
| [[1968 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>NC</small><br />
| [[1968 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
| [[1968 Mexican Grand Prix|MEX]]<br /><small>Ret</small><br />
! [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]]<br />
| 17th<br />
| 5<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Belgian Formula One drivers|Bianchi, Lucien]]<br />
[[Category:Racecar drivers killed while racing|Bianchi, Lucien]]<br />
[[Category:Italian-Belgians|Bianchi, Lucien]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Aeronautica_Militare&diff=28063Aeronautica Militare2007-06-18T15:16:04Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:Stemma AMI.png|thumb|250px|Coat of arms of the Italian Air Force]]<br />
The '''Aeronautica Militare Italiana''' is the [[Italy|Italian]] [[air force]]. It was founded as an independent service arm on the [[March 28]], [[1923]], by [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|King Vittorio Emanuele III]] as the ''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'' (which equates to "Royal Air Force"). After [[World War II]], when Italy was made a [[republic]] by referendum, the ''Regia Aeronautica'' was given its current name. Its Aerobatic precision team is the [[Frecce Tricolori]].<br />
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Stemmaold.gif|thumb|Coat of arms of the Italian Air force.]] --><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[Italy]] is one of the nations that can boast some of the oldest traditions in the field of aviation. As far back as [[1884]], in fact, the Regio Esèrcito was authorised to equip itself with its own air component, the Servizio Aeronautico, based in Rome. In [[1911]], during the Italo-Turkish war, Italy employed aircraft, for the first time ever in the world, for reconnaissance and bombing missions. As a result of [[Benito Mussolini]], who wanted Italy to become a world power, the Regia Aeronautica was born on 23 March 1923. During the thirties the Regia Aeronautica was involved in its first military operations, initially in [[Ethiopia]] in [[1935]], and later in [[Spain]] between [[1936]] and [[1939]]. After a period of neutrality, Italy entered [[World War II]] on [[10 June]] [[1940]] alongside [[Germany]], in which the Regia Aeronautica could deploy more than 3.000 aircraft, of which less than 60% were serviceable. The Regia Aeronautica fought from the icy steppes of [[Russia]] to the sand of the North African desert losing men and machines. After the armistice of [[8 September]] [[1943]], Italy divided itself into two, and the same fate befell the Regia Aeronautica. The end of the hostilities, on [[8 May]] [[1945]], opened the gates to the rebirth of military aviation in Italy.<br />
[[Image:DeHavilland DH-100.jpg|thumb|DeHavilland DH100 Vampire]]<br />
<br />
A [[referendum]] resulted in the proclamation of Italy as a [[Republic]] on [[18 June]] [[1946]], and in parallel the Regia Aeronautica was transformed into the Aeronautica Militare Italiana - the title that it holds today. The Paris Peace Treaty of [[1947]] placed severe restrictions on the Italian armed forces, but membership of [[NATO]] in [[1949]] opened the way for modernisation of the AMI. The American military aid through the Mutual Defence Assistance Programme saw the arrival of [[P-51 Mustang]] and [[P-47 Thunderbolt]] piston-engined fighters. Later in [[1952]] the best aircraft of the period, [[F-8]]4G, [[F-86]]E(M) and F-84F fighters and [[C-119]] transports came to Italy. Not content to see foreign-designed aircraft serving the AMI, the reborn Italian aviation industry began the develop and produce aircraft of its own like the [[Fiat G91]], [[Aermacchi MB326]], [[Piaggio Aero]] P166 and the line of Agusta-Bell helicopters. The sound-barrier by the AMI was broken with the introduction of the [[Lockheed]] [[F-104G Starfighter]], constructed under licence by Fiat. The [[1970s|decade of the Seventies]] witnessed the acquisition of the [[Aeritalia G222]] and [[Lockheed C-130]], which renewed the transport fleet, and the Lockheed-Aeritalia F-104S, a fighter-variant of the Starfighter developed specifically to meet the requirements of the Italian defence system.<br />
<br />
The drive to improve and expand the aircraft industry led Italy in the programme of the [[Panavia Tornado]] and the development and introduction of the [[AMX]], this later with [[Embraer]] of [[Brazil]]. In [[1990]], following the Iraqi invasion of [[Kuwait]], Italy joined the coalition forces and for the first time in 45 years Italian pilots and aircraft were tasked with military wartime operations.<br />
<br />
Further crises were going to require the intervention of the Italian forces in [[Somalia]], [[Mozambique]], and in the [[Balkans]]. The conflict in the former Yugoslavia, only a few minutes flying time from the Italian borders, saw a need to improve the future air defence. As a stopgap and as replacement for leased [[Tornado ADV]] interceptors, the AMI has leased 30 [[F-16A]] Block 15 ADF and four F-16B Block 10 Fighting Falcons, with an option to some more. The coming years also will see the introduction of 121 [[EF2000 Typhoons]], replacing the leased F-16 Fighting Falcons. Furthermore updates are foreseen on the Tornado IDS/IDT and the AMX-fleet. The transport capacity will be improved with the delivery of eighteen C-130Js (for 2°Gr) and an upgrade program for the C-130Hs. Also a complete new developed G222, called C-27J Spartan, will enter service replacing the G222's.<br />
<br />
==Aircraft==<br />
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Aermacchi MB339.jpg|thumb|225px|Aermacchi MB-339]] --><br />
[[Image:Siai Marchetti SF260.JPG|thumb|225px|Siai Marchetti SF-260AM]]<br />
<br />
{| style="border-collapse: collapse;" border="2"<br />
|- align="center"<br />
! bgcolor="darkred"|Aircraft<br />
! bgcolor="darkred"|Number delivered<br />
! bgcolor="darkred"|Status<br />
! bgcolor="darkred"|Role<br />
! bgcolor="darkred"|Note<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Aermacchi]] [[MB-339|MB-339A]]<br />
|106<br />
|Active<br />
|Trainer, Light Attack<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Aermacchi]] [[MB-339|MB-339PAN]]<br />
|15 <br />
|Active<br />
|Acrobatic, Trainer<br />
|Former A version with Smoke<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Aermacchi]] [[MB-339|MB-339CD-1]]<br />
|15<br />
|Active<br />
|Trainer, Light Attack<br />
|New variant with hud glass cockpit and more fighter capability<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Aermacchi]] [[MB-339|MB-339CD-2]]<br />
|15<br />
|Active<br />
|Trainer, Light Attack<br />
|Advanced version of the CD-1<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Aermacchi]] [[Aermacchi F-260|SF-260EM]]<br />
|30<br />
|Delivering<br />
|Trainer<br />
|Special version with only 2 seats<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Aermacchi|Siai Marchetti]] [[S.208|S.208M]]<br />
|45<br />
|In radiation<br />
|Transport<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[General Dynamics]] [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16AM Block 15]]<br />
|30 <br />
|Active<br />
|Fighter<br />
|In leasing from USAF<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[General Dynamics]] [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16BM Block 10]]<br />
|4 <br />
|Active<br />
|Trainer, Fighter<br />
|In leasing from USAF<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Eurofighter GmbH|Eurofighter]] [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon F2]] <br />
|100<br />
|Delivering<br />
|Fighter<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Eurofighter GmbH|Eurofighter]] [[Eurofighter Typhoon|Typhoon T1]] <br />
|21<br />
|Delivering<br />
|Fighter, Trainer<br />
|Two seats trainer version of the Typhoon with the same operative possibilities<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[AMX International]] [[AMX International AMX|AMX]] <br />
|110<br />
|Active<br />
|Light bomber<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[AMX International]] [[AMX International AMX|AMX-T]]<br />
|26<br />
|Active<br />
|Light bomber, Trainer<br />
|Two seats trainer version of the AMX with the same operative possibilities<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Panavia]] [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado IDS]]<br />
|100<br />
|Active<br />
|Bomber<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Panavia]] [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado IT-ECR]]<br />
|15 <br />
|Active<br />
|Bomber<br />
|Modefied IDS version for antiradar missions<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Alenia]] [[Alenia G.222|C27J Spartan]]<br />
|12<br />
|Active<br />
|Transport<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Lockheed Martin]] [[C130|C-130J]]<br />
|12<br />
|Active<br />
|transport<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Lockheed Martin]] [[C130|C-130J30]]<br />
|10<br />
|Active<br />
|Transport<br />
|Longer version of the Super Hercules<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Boeing]] [[KC-767|KC-767A]]<br />
|4<br />
|Delivering<br />
|Transport, Tanker<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[General Atomics]] [[RQ-1 Predator|RQ-1A Predator]]<br />
|5 <br />
|Active<br />
|Survelliance<br />
|Joint use with NAVY<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Sikorsky]] [[H-3 Sea King|HH-3F]]<br />
|35<br />
|Active<br />
|SAR, Combat SAR<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Sikorsky]] [[H-3 Sea King|SH-3D/TS]]<br />
|2<br />
|Active<br />
|VIP Transport<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Piaggio Aero]] [[Piaggio P180 Avanti|P180 Avanti]]<br />
|18<br />
|Active<br />
|VIP Transport, Trainer<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Piaggio Aero]] [[P.166|P-166 DL3]]<br />
|6<br />
|Active<br />
|Transport<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Breguet Atlantique|Breguet Br.1150 Atlantique]]<br />
|18 <br />
|Active<br />
|Anti Submarine<br />
|Joint use with NAVY<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Dassault]] [[Dassault Falcon 50|Falcon 50]]<br />
|4<br />
|Active<br />
|VIP Transport<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Dassault]] [[Dassault Falcon 900|Falcon 900EX]]<br />
|5<br />
|Active<br />
|VIP Transport<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Airbus]] [[A320|A.319 CJ]]<br />
|3<br />
|Active<br />
|VIP Transport<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[AgustaWestland|Agusta]] [[Bell Helicopter Textron|Bell]] [[Bell 212|AB212AM]]<br />
|35<br />
|Active<br />
|SAR, Combat SAR<br />
|None<br />
|- align="center"<br />
![[Hughes Helicopters|Hughes]] [[Hughes H-6|NH500E]]<br />
|50<br />
|Active<br />
|Trainer, SAR<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Future aircraft==<br />
*[[Lockheed Martin]] [[F-35 Lightning II]]<br />
<br />
==Dismissed aircraft==<br />
*[[Lockheed]] [[F-104 Starfighter]]<br />
*[[Panavia Tornado|Tornado ADV]] (24 leased from [[Royal Air Force|RAF]])<br />
*[[Aeritalia]] [[Alenia G.222|G.222]]<br />
*[[Lockheed]] [[C-130 Hercules|C-130H]]<br />
*[[Boeing]] [[KC-135 Stratotanker|707 T/T]]<br />
<br />
==Rank Structure==<br />
{| border="0" |style="align="center""<br />
|colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor=#000066 style="color: white"| '''''Ufficiali generali''''' - '''General officers'''<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="6" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF-10.png|50px|]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="6" align="center"|''Capo di Stato Maggiore dell'Aeronautica Militare''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="6" align="center"|Chief of the Air Force<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF-9.png|50px|]]<br />
!colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF-8.png|50px|]]<br />
!colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF-7.png|50px|]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|''Generale di Squadra''<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|''Generale di Divisione''<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|''Generale di Brigata''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|Squadron General<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|Division General<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|Brigade General<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor=#000066 style="color: white" | '''''Ufficiali superiori''''' - '''Senior officers'''<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF-5.png|50px|]]<br />
!colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF-4.png|50px|]]<br />
!colspan="2" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF-3.png|50px|]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|''Colonnello''<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|''Tenente Colonnello''<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|''Maggiore''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|Colonel<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|Lieutenant Colonel<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|Major<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor=#000066 style="color: white" | '''''Ufficiali inferiori''''' - '''Junior officers'''<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="2" width="200" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF3.png|50px|]]<br />
!colspan="2" width="200" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF2.png|50px|]]<br />
!colspan="2" width="200" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OF1.png|50px|]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|''Capitano''<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|''Tenente''<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|''Sottotenente''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|Captain<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|1<sup>st</sup> Lieutenant<br />
|colspan="2" align="center"|2<sup>nd</sup> Lieutenant<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor=#000066 style="color: white" | '''''Sottufficiali''''' - '''Warrant Officers'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="6" align="center"|[[Image:IT-AirForce-WO5.png|50px|]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="6" align="center"|''Primo maresciallo luogotenente''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="6" align="center"|1<sup>st</sup> Lieutenant Marshall<br />
|-<br />
!align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-WO4.gif|50px|]]<br />
!align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-WO3.gif|50px|]]<br />
!align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-WO2.gif|50px|]] <br />
!align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-WO1.gif|50px|]] <br />
!align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OR9.png|50px|]]<br />
!align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OR8.png|50px|]]<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|''Primo Maresciallo''<br />
|align="center"|''Maresciallo di Prima Classe''<br />
|align="center"|''Maresciallo di Seconda Classe''<br />
|align="center"|''Maresciallo di Terza Classe''<br />
|align="center"|''Sergente Maggiore''<br />
|align="center"|''Sergente''<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|1<sup>st</sup> Marshall<br />
|align="center"|1<sup>st</sup> Class Marshall<br />
|align="center"|2<sup>nd</sup> Class Marshall<br />
|align="center"|3<sup>rd</sup> Class Marshall<br />
|align="center"|Sergeant Major<br />
|align="center"|Sergeant<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor=#000066 style="color: white" | '''''Truppa''''' - '''Troops''' <br />
|-<br />
!width="120" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OR6.png|50px|]]<br />
!width="120" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OR5.png|50px|]]<br />
!width="120" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OR4.png|50px|]]<br />
!width="120" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OR3.png|50px|]]<br />
!width="120" align="center"|[[Image:IT-Airforce-OR2.png|50px|]]<br />
!width="120" align="center"|''No insignia''<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|''Primo Aviere Capo''<br />
|align="center"|''Primo Aviere Scelto''<br />
|align="center"|''Aviere Capo''<br />
|align="center"|''Primo Aviere''<br />
|align="center"|''Aviere Scelto''<br />
|align="center"|''Aviere''<br />
|-<br />
|align="center"|First Chief Airman<br />
|align="center"|First Senior Airman<br />
|align="center"|Chief Airman<br />
|align="center"|First Airman<br />
|align="center"|Senior Airman<br />
|align="center"|Airman<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Aeronautica Militare Italiana organization and units==<br />
[[Image:Roundel of the Italian Air Force.png|thumb|Air force roundel]]<br />
'''Stato Maggiore - Headquarters Air Force'''<br />
<br />
<br />
:'''''Prima Regione Aerea'' - First Air Region''' (North Italy)<br />
<br />
:: [[Image:1ª Brigata-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[1ª Brigata Aerea]] - 1<sup>st</sup> Air Brigade''' (after '''[[Vezio Mezzetti]]''') - [[Padova]]<br />
:::[[16° Stormo]] - 16<sup>th</sup> Wing<br />
:::[[17° Stormo]] - 17<sup>th</sup> Wing - Padova<br />
::::57° Gruppo Intercettori - 57<sup>th</sup> Interceptor Group<br />
::::72° Gruppo Intercettori - 72<sup>th</sup> Interceptor Group<br />
::::80° Gruppo Intercettori - 80<sup>th</sup> Interceptor Group<br />
:::[[2° Reparto Manutenzione Missili]] - 2<sup>nd</sup> Missile Maintenance Unit<br />
:::[[401° Reparto]] STO (''Supporti Tecnici Operativi'') - 401<sup>th</sup> TOS Unit (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[501° Reparto]] SLO (''Servizi Logistici Operativi'') - 501<sup>th</sup> LOS Unit (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[601ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 601<sup>st</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
:::[[Scuola Missili Nike]] - Nike Missile School<br />
<br />
::[[Image:2°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[2° Stormo]] - 2<sup>nd</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Mario D'Agostini]]''')<br />
:::[[Image:313°Gruppo-Patch.png|20px]] '''[[Frecce Tricolori|313° Gruppo Addestramento Acrobatico]]''' (Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale) - '''313<sup>rd</sup> Group - Flight Demonstration Group - Frecce Tricolori'''<br />
:::[[402° Gruppo]] STO - 402<sup>nd</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[502° Gruppo]] SLO - 502<sup>nd</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[602ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 602<sup>nd</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:3°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[3° Stormo]] - 3<sup>rd</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia]]''')<br />
:::[[28° Gruppo]] - 28<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[132° Gruppo]] - 132<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[403° Gruppo]] STO - 403<sup>rd</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[503° Gruppo]] SLO - 503<sup>rd</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[603ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti e Soccorso - 603<sup>rd</sup> Joint and Rescue Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:5°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[5° Stormo]] - 5<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Giuseppe Cenni]])'''<br />
:::[[Image:23°gruppo.png|20px]] [[23° Gruppo Caccia]] - 23<sup>th</sup> Fighter Group<br />
:::[[405° Gruppo]] STO - 405<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[505° Gruppo]] SLO - 505<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[605ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 605<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:6°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[6° Stormo]] - 6<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Alfredo Fusco]])'''<br />
:::[[102° Gruppo]] - 102<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[154° Gruppo]] - 154<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[406° Gruppo]] STO - 406<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[506° Gruppo]] SLO - 506<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[606ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 606<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::'''''Dismissed''''' - [[Image:8°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[8° Stormo]] - 8<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Gino Prido]])'''<br />
:::[[101° Gruppo]] - 101<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[408° Gruppo]] STO - 408<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[508° Gruppo]] SLO - 508<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[608ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 608<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:50°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[50° Stormo]] - 50<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Giorgio Graffer]])'''<br />
:::[[155° Gruppo]] - 155<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[450° Gruppo]] STO - 450<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[550° Gruppo]] SLO - 550<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[650ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 650<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:51°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[51° Stormo]] - 51<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Ferruccio Serafini]])'''<br />
:::[[22° Gruppo]] - 22<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[103° Gruppo]] - 103<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[451° Gruppo]] STO - 451<sup>st</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[551° Gruppo]] SLO - 551<sup>st</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[651ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti e Soccorso - 651<sup>st</sup> Joint and Rescue Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:53°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[53° Stormo]] - 53<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Guglielmo Chiarini]])'''<br />
:::[[21° Gruppo]] - 21<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[453° Gruppo]] STO - 453<sup>rd</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[553° Gruppo]] SLO - 553<sup>rd</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[653ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti e Soccorso - 653<sup>rd</sup> Joint and Rescue Squadron<br />
:::[[1° Reparto Manutenzione Velivoli]] - 1st Aircraft Maintenance Unit<br />
<br />
<br />
:'''[[Seconda Regione Aerea]] - Second Air Region''' (Center Italy)<br />
<br />
::[[Image:4°Stormo-Patch.svg|30px]] '''[[4° Stormo]] - 41<sup>st</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Amedeo D'Aosta]])'''<br />
:::[[9° Gruppo]] - 9<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[20° Gruppo]] - 20<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[404° Gruppo]] STO - 404<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[504° Gruppo]] SLO - 504<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[604ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 604<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:9°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[9° Stormo]] - 9<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Francesco Baracca]])'''<br />
:::[[10° Gruppo]] - 10<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[409° Gruppo]] STO - 409<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[509° Gruppo]] SLO - 509<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[609ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 609<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:14°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[14° Stormo]] - 14<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Sergio Sartoff]])'''<br />
:::[[8° Gruppo]] - 8<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[71° Gruppo]] - 71<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[Centro Manutenzione Velivoli]] - Aircraft Maintenance Centre<br />
<br />
::[[Image:15°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[15° Stormo]] - 15<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Stefano Cagna]])'''<br />
:::[[82° Centro]] SAR - 82<sup>nd</sup> Group (Search and Rescue)<br />
:::[[83° Centro]] SAR - 83<sup>rd</sup> Group (Search and Rescue)<br />
:::[[84° Centro]] SAR - 84<sup>th</sup> Group (Search and Rescue)<br />
:::[[85° Gruppo]] SAR - 85<sup>th</sup> Group (Search and Rescue)<br />
:::[[615ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 615<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:30°Stormo-Patch.svg|30px]] '''[[30° Stormo]] - 30<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Valerio Scarabellotto]])'''<br />
:::[[86° Gruppo]] - 86<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[430° Gruppo]] STO - 430<sup>rd</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[530° Gruppo]] SLO - 530<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
<br />
::[[Image:31°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[31° Stormo]] - 31<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Carmelo Raiti]])'''<br />
:::[[93° Gruppo]] - 93<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[306° Gruppo]] - 306 <sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[431° Gruppo]] STO - 431<sup>st</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[531° Gruppo]] SLO - 531<sup>st</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
<br />
::[[Image:46ª Brigata-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[46ª Brigata Aerea]] - 46<sup>th</sup> Air Brigade''' (after '''[[Silvio Angelucci]])'''<br />
:::[[2° Gruppo]] - 2<sup>nd</sup> Group<br />
:::[[50° Gruppo]] - 50<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[98° Gruppo]] - 98<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[446° Gruppo]] STO - 446<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[546° Gruppo]] SLO - 546<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
<br />
::[[Image:70°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[70° Stormo]] - 70<sup>th</sup> Wing'''<br />
:::[[207° Gruppo]] - 207<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[50° Gruppo]] - 50<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[98° Gruppo]] - 98<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[470° Gruppo]] STO - 470<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[570° Gruppo]] SLO - 570<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[670ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 670<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:72°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[72° Stormo]] - 72<sup>nd</sup> Wing'''<br />
:::[[208° Gruppo]] - 208<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[472° Gruppo]] STO - 472<sup>nd</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[572° Gruppo]] SLO - 572<sup>nd</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[672ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti e Soccorso - 672<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:303°Gruppo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[303° Gruppo]] Autonomo - 303<sup>th</sup> Independent Group'''<br />
<br />
::[[Image:CVV-AM-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[Centro di Volo a Vela]] - Glider Flight Centre'''<br />
<br />
::[[Image:RSSTA.png|30px]] '''[[Reparto Sperimentale Tiro Aereo]] - Air Targeting Experimental Unit'''<br />
<br />
<br />
:'''[[Terza Regione Aerea]] - Third Air Region''' (South Italy)<br />
<br />
::[[Image:32°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[32° Stormo]] - 32<sup>nd</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Armando Boetto]])'''<br />
:::[[13° Gruppo]] - 13<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[201° Gruppo]] - 201<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[204° Gruppo]] - 204<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[432° Gruppo]] STO - 432<sup>nd</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[532° Gruppo]] SLO - 532<sup>nd</sup> LOS Unit (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[632ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti e Soccorso - 632<sup>nd</sup> Joint and Rescue Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:36°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[36° Stormo]] - 36<sup>th</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Riccardo Helmut Seidl]])'''<br />
:::[[12° Gruppo]] - 12<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[156° Gruppo]] - 156<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[204° Gruppo]] - 204<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[436° Gruppo]] STO - 436<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[536° Gruppo]] SLO - 536<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[636ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 636<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:37°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[37° Stormo]] ([[Cesare Toschi]])'''<br />
:::[[18° Gruppo]] - 18<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[437° Gruppo]] STO - 437<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[537° Gruppo]] SLO - 537<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[637ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 637<sup>th</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
<br />
::[[Image:41°Stormo-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[41° Stormo]] - 41<sup>st</sup> Wing''' (after '''[[Athos Ammannato]])'''<br />
:::[[88° Gruppo]] - 88<sup>th</sup> Group<br />
:::[[441° Gruppo]] STO - 441<sup>th</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[541° Gruppo]] SLO - 541<sup>th</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[641ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 641<sup>st</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
:::[[11° Reparto Manutenzione Velivoli]] - 11<sup>st</sup> Aircraft Maintenance Unit<br />
<br />
::'''''Dismissed'' - [[Image:60ªBrigata-Patch.png|30px]] [[60ª Brigata Aerea]] - 60<sup>th</sup> Air Brigade'''<br />
<br />
::[[Image:61ªBrigata-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[61° Stormo]] - 61<sup>st</sup> Wing'''<br />
:::[[212° Gruppo]] - 212<sup>nd</sup> Group<br />
:::[[213° Gruppo]] - 213<sup>rd</sup> Group<br />
:::[[Gruppo Allievi]] - Students Group<br />
:::[[461° Gruppo]] STO - 461<sup>st</sup> TOS Group (Technical Operative Support)<br />
:::[[561° Gruppo]] SLO - 561<sup>st</sup> LOS Group (Logistic Operative Services)<br />
:::[[661ª Squadriglia]] Collegamenti - 661<sup>st</sup> Joint Squadron<br />
:::[[10° Reparto Manutenzione Velivoli]] - 10<sup>th</sup> Aircraft Maintenance Unit<br />
<br />
:'''Comando Generale delle Scuole''' - '''School High Command'''<br />
::'''Scuola di Guerra Aerea - Firenze''' - '''Air Warfare School - [[Florence]]'''<br />
::'''Accademia Aeronautica - Pozzuoli''' - '''Air Academy - [[Pozzuoli]]''' <br />
::'''Scuola di Applicazione - Firenze''' - '''Application School - [[Florence]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola di Volo Basico Iniziale Aviogetti - Lecce-Galatina''' - '''Initial Basic Jet Flight School - [[Lecce]]-[[Galatina]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola Volo Basico Avanzato Aviogetti - Foggia-Amendola''' - '''Advanced Basic Jet Flight School - [[Foggia]]-[[Amendola]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola Volo Basico e Avanzato a Elica - Latina''' - '''Basic and Advanced Prop School - [[Latina]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola di Volo Elicotteri - Frosinone''' - '''Helicopter Flight School - [[Frosinone]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola Addestramento Reclute AM - Macerata''' - '''Recruit Training School - [[Macerata]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola Addesrtamento Reclute AM - Taranto''' - '''Recruit Training School - [[Taranto]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola Addestramento Reclute Vigilanza AM - Viterbo''' - '''Vigilance Recruit Training School - [[Viterbo]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola Centrale Istruttori di Volo - Grottaglie''' - '''Flight Instructor Central School - [[Grottaglie]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola Metodo Didattico - Guidonia''' - '''Didactic Method School - [[Guidonia]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola Sottufficiali - Caserta''' - '''Warrant Officers School - [[Caserta]]'''<br />
::'''Centro Tecnico Addestrativo Difesa Aerea - Borgo Piave''' - '''Training Air Defense Technical Centre - [[Borgo Piave]]'''<br />
::'''Centro Tecn. Addestr. TLC ed assistenza al volo - Pratica di Mare''' - '''Training TLC and Flight Assistance Technical Centre - [[Pratica di Mare]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola di Sanità AM - Roma''' - '''Medical School - [[Rome]]'''<br />
::'''Scuola Lingue Estere AM - Ciampino''' - '''Foreign Languages School - [[Ciampino]]'''<br />
<br />
:'''Ispettorato Logistico''' - '''Logistic Inspectorate'''<br />
<br />
:'''Ispettorato Telecomunicazioni ed Assistenza al Volo''' - '''TLC and Flight Assistance Inspectorate'''<br />
<br />
:'''Comando Scuola di Guerra Aerea''' - '''Air Warfare Command'''<br />
<br />
:'''[[Divisione Aerea Studi, Ricerche e Sperimentazioni]]''' - '''Study, Research and Experimentations Air Division'''<br />
::[[Image:RepSV-Patch.png|30px]] '''[[Reparto Sperimentale di Volo]]''' - '''Experimental Flight Unit'''<br />
<br />
==Photos==<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Aermacchi MB339 CD.JPG| Aermacchi MB-339CD<br />
Image:Aermacchi MB-339 PAN.jpg| Aermacchi MB-339PAN<br />
Image:Aermacchi MB-339 PAN (1).jpg| Aermacchi MB-339PAN<br />
Image:Aermacchi MB-339 PAN (2).jpg| Aermacchi MB-339PAN<br />
Image:Alenia Aermacchi Embraer AMX.JPG| Alenia Aermacchi Embraer AMX<br />
Image:Dassault Borguet Br1150.JPG| Borguet BR1150<br />
Image:Eurofighter Typhoon F2.JPG| Eurofighter Typhoon<br />
Image:Eurofighter Typhoon F2 (1).JPG| Eurofighter Typhoon<br />
Image:General Atomics RQ-1A Predator.JPG| General Atomics RQ-1A Predator<br />
Image:Lockheed F-16 ADV-A Block 15.JPG| Lockheed F-16A <br />
Image:Nardi Huges NH-500E.JPG| Huges NH-500E<br />
Image:Panavia Tornado ECR.JPG| Panavia Tornado ECR<br />
Image:Piaggio P-166 DL3.JPG| Piaggio P-166 DL3<br />
Image:Piaggio P-180 Avanti.JPG| Piaggio P-180 Avanti<br />
Image:F-84LT.jpg| Reoublic F-84<br />
Image:F-86LT.jpg| North American F-86 Sabre<br />
Image:F-86LT (1).jpg| North American F-86 Sabre<br />
Image:F-86LT (2).jpg| North American F-86 Sabre<br />
Image:FIAT G-91 PAN.jpg| FIAT G-91PAN<br />
Image:FIAT G-91 PAN (1).jpg| FIAT G-91PAN<br />
Image:FIAT G-91 PAN (2).jpg| FIAT G-91PAN<br />
Image:FIAT G-91R.jpg| FIAT G-91R<br />
Image:FIAT G-91R (1).jpg| FIAT G-91R<br />
Image:FIAT G-91R (2).jpg| FIAT G-91R<br />
Image:Lockheed F-104 ASA-M Starfighter.jpg| Lockheed F-104 ASA-M Starfighter<br />
Image:Lockheed F-104 ASA-M Starfighter (1).jpg| Lockheed F-104 ASA-M Starfighter<br />
Image:Lockheed F-104 ASA-M Starfighter (2).jpg| Lockheed F-104 ASA-M Starfighter<br />
Image:Lockheed F-104 ASA-M Starfighter (3).jpg| Lockheed F-104 ASA-M Starfighter<br />
Image:Lockheed T33A.JPG| Lockheed T33A<br />
Image:North American T-6 Texan.jpg| North American T-6 Texan<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Military of Italy]]<br />
* [[Italian Army]]<br />
* [[Marina Militare]]<br />
* [[Carabinieri]]<br />
* [[Guardia di Finanza]]<br />
* [[NATO]]<br />
* [[List of air forces]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it Official site]<br />
* [http://www.alatricolore.it]<br />
<br />
{{Italian Military}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1923 establishments]]<br />
[[Category:Italian Air Force|Italian Air Force]]<br />
[[Category:Aeronautica Militare]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Enrico_Fabris&diff=28013Enrico Fabris2007-06-18T13:42:53Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:Enrico Fabris.jpg|right|thumb|200px]]<br />
<br />
<table BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=3 style="font-size: 95%"><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">'''Medal Gold | [[2006 Winter Olympics | 2006 Turin]] | [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Team Pursuit]]'''</font></td></tr><br />
<tr><td><font face="Arial">'''Medal Gold | [[2006 Winter Olympics | 2006 Turin]] | [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics | 1,500 m]]'''</font></td></tr><br />
<tr><td><font face="Arial">'''Medal Bronze | [[2006 Winter Olympics | 2006 Turin]] | [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres | 5,000 m]]'''</font></td></tr><br />
<br />
'''Enrico Fabris''' (born [[5 October]] 1981, [[Asiago]], [[province of Vicenza]]) is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[speed skating|long track speed skater]] who has won three [[Speed skating World Cup|World Cup]] races and became the first [[European Speed Skating Championships|European Allround Champion]] from Italy when he won the 2006 European Championships one month before the [[2006 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics in Turin]]. Fabris is also a three-time Italian Allround Champion. <br />
<br />
At the 2006 Olympics he won a bronze medal in the [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres|men's 5,000&nbsp;m event]], Italy's first ever Olympic medal in speed skating. Five days later, he was in the winning team on the team pursuit event, to claim Italy's first Olympic speed skating gold. With a time of one minute, 45.97 seconds in the 1,500&nbsp;m race, Fabris claimed his third medal and defeated American favourites [[Shani Davis]] and [[Chad Hedrick]] to become the first non-American to win an individual men's event through the first four races of the Turin Winter Games.<br />
<br />
==Personal records==<br />
*500 m: 36.71<br />
*1,500 m: 1:45.66<br />
*5,000 m: 6:12.01<br />
*10,000 m: 13:12.21<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.enricofabris.com Enrico Fabris Official Site]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [http://www.skateresults.com/skater/show/1386 Summary of results - from skateresults.com], retrieved [[16 January]] [[2006]]<br />
* [http://www.sportone.nl/sporter.php?id=9690 SportOne.nl - profile], retrieved [[16 January]] [[2006]]<br />
* [http://velocita.fisg.it/upload_SEVE/All%20Round%20Assoluti.PDF Albo d'oro - Campionati Italiani "All Round"]. PDF file with Italian speed skating champions, from the Italian Speed Skating Association, retrieved [[16 January]] [[2006]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Enrico_Fabris&diff=28012Enrico Fabris2007-06-18T13:42:35Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:Enrico Fabris.jpg|right|thumb|200px]]<br />
<br />
<table BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=2 style="font-size: 95%"><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">'''Medal Gold | [[2006 Winter Olympics | 2006 Turin]] | [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Team Pursuit]]'''</font></td></tr><br />
<tr><td><font face="Arial">'''Medal Gold | [[2006 Winter Olympics | 2006 Turin]] | [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics | 1,500 m]]'''</font></td></tr><br />
<tr><td><font face="Arial">'''Medal Bronze | [[2006 Winter Olympics | 2006 Turin]] | [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres | 5,000 m]]'''</font></td></tr><br />
<br />
'''Enrico Fabris''' (born [[5 October]] 1981, [[Asiago]], [[province of Vicenza]]) is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[speed skating|long track speed skater]] who has won three [[Speed skating World Cup|World Cup]] races and became the first [[European Speed Skating Championships|European Allround Champion]] from Italy when he won the 2006 European Championships one month before the [[2006 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics in Turin]]. Fabris is also a three-time Italian Allround Champion. <br />
<br />
At the 2006 Olympics he won a bronze medal in the [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres|men's 5,000&nbsp;m event]], Italy's first ever Olympic medal in speed skating. Five days later, he was in the winning team on the team pursuit event, to claim Italy's first Olympic speed skating gold. With a time of one minute, 45.97 seconds in the 1,500&nbsp;m race, Fabris claimed his third medal and defeated American favourites [[Shani Davis]] and [[Chad Hedrick]] to become the first non-American to win an individual men's event through the first four races of the Turin Winter Games.<br />
<br />
==Personal records==<br />
*500 m: 36.71<br />
*1,500 m: 1:45.66<br />
*5,000 m: 6:12.01<br />
*10,000 m: 13:12.21<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.enricofabris.com Enrico Fabris Official Site]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [http://www.skateresults.com/skater/show/1386 Summary of results - from skateresults.com], retrieved [[16 January]] [[2006]]<br />
* [http://www.sportone.nl/sporter.php?id=9690 SportOne.nl - profile], retrieved [[16 January]] [[2006]]<br />
* [http://velocita.fisg.it/upload_SEVE/All%20Round%20Assoluti.PDF Albo d'oro - Campionati Italiani "All Round"]. PDF file with Italian speed skating champions, from the Italian Speed Skating Association, retrieved [[16 January]] [[2006]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Enrico_Fabris&diff=28011Enrico Fabris2007-06-18T13:42:03Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:Enrico Fabris.jpg|right|thumb|200px]]<br />
<br />
<table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=2 style="font-size: 95%"><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">'''Medal Gold | [[2006 Winter Olympics | 2006 Turin]] | [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Team Pursuit]]'''</font></td></tr><br />
<tr><td><font face="Arial">'''Medal Gold | [[2006 Winter Olympics | 2006 Turin]] | [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics | 1,500 m]]'''</font></td></tr><br />
<tr><td><font face="Arial">'''Medal Bronze | [[2006 Winter Olympics | 2006 Turin]] | [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres | 5,000 m]]'''</font></td></tr><br />
<br />
'''Enrico Fabris''' (born [[5 October]] 1981, [[Asiago]], [[province of Vicenza]]) is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[speed skating|long track speed skater]] who has won three [[Speed skating World Cup|World Cup]] races and became the first [[European Speed Skating Championships|European Allround Champion]] from Italy when he won the 2006 European Championships one month before the [[2006 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics in Turin]]. Fabris is also a three-time Italian Allround Champion. <br />
<br />
At the 2006 Olympics he won a bronze medal in the [[Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men's 5000 metres|men's 5,000&nbsp;m event]], Italy's first ever Olympic medal in speed skating. Five days later, he was in the winning team on the team pursuit event, to claim Italy's first Olympic speed skating gold. With a time of one minute, 45.97 seconds in the 1,500&nbsp;m race, Fabris claimed his third medal and defeated American favourites [[Shani Davis]] and [[Chad Hedrick]] to become the first non-American to win an individual men's event through the first four races of the Turin Winter Games.<br />
<br />
==Personal records==<br />
*500 m: 36.71<br />
*1,500 m: 1:45.66<br />
*5,000 m: 6:12.01<br />
*10,000 m: 13:12.21<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.enricofabris.com Enrico Fabris Official Site]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* [http://www.skateresults.com/skater/show/1386 Summary of results - from skateresults.com], retrieved [[16 January]] [[2006]]<br />
* [http://www.sportone.nl/sporter.php?id=9690 SportOne.nl - profile], retrieved [[16 January]] [[2006]]<br />
* [http://velocita.fisg.it/upload_SEVE/All%20Round%20Assoluti.PDF Albo d'oro - Campionati Italiani "All Round"]. PDF file with Italian speed skating champions, from the Italian Speed Skating Association, retrieved [[16 January]] [[2006]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Ferrari_Monza&diff=27597Ferrari Monza2007-06-14T13:56:05Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
{| border=1 align="right" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 width=250 style="margin-left:3em; margin-bottom: 2em;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=2 style="color: white; background: darkred;"|'''Ferrari Monza'''<br />
|-<br />
|Manufacturer:||[[Ferrari]]<br />
|-<br />
|aka||Ferrari TF<br>Ferrari Mondial<br />
|-<br />
|Production||1953–1957<br />
|-<br />
|Class||[[World Sportscar Championship]]<br />
|-<br />
|Engine||''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine#I4|Lampredi]] [[straight-4|I4]]<br />
|-<br />
|Predecessor||[[Ferrari 250#250 MM|Ferrari 250 MM]]<br />
|-<br />
|Successo||[[Ferrari TR|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the early 1950s, [[Ferrari]] shifted from using the compact [[Gioacchino Colombo]]-designed [[V12 engine]] in its smallest class of sports racers to a line of [[straight-4|four cylinder]] engines designed by [[Aurelio Lampredi]]. Inspired by the success of the light and reliable 2.5 L [[Ferrari 553 F1|553 F1]] car, the four cylinder sports racers competed successfully through the late 1950s, culminating with the famed 500 Mondial and 750 Monza.<br />
<br />
One important stylistic difference between most four-cylinder Ferraris is that they lacked the hood scoops common on V12 models. The V12 cars used [[carburettor|downdraft carburettors]] located centrally in the "valley" of the engine, while the inline-engined fours used side-draft units and thus did not need the hood scoops.<br />
<br />
==1953==<br />
1953 was a breakout year for Ferrari, beginning with the new [[World Sportscar Championship]] series. The company augmented their traditional V12-powered [[Ferrari 250#250 MM|250 MM]] with the new [[Ferrari MM#340 MM|340 MM]] and [[Ferrari MM#375 MM|375 MM]] and introduced the new four-cylinder 625 TF and 735 S models. With this profusion of cars, Ferrari was able to sweep the first running of the sportscar championship.<br />
===625 TF===<br />
{{Infobox Automobile generation<br />
|name=Ferrari 625 TF<br />
|production=1953<br />
|class=[[World Sportscar Championship|WSC racer]]<br />
|predecessor=[[Ferrari 250#250 MM|Ferrari 250 MM]]<br />
|successor=[[#500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]]<br />
|engine=2.5 L (2498 cc) ''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />
}}<br />
The first four-cylinder closed-wheel sports racer from Ferrari was the '''625 TF''' of 1953. Resembling the Vignale-designed [[Ferrari 250#250 MM|250 MM]] barchetta in most respects, the 625 TF used a 2.5 L (2498 cc/152 in³) straight-4 lifted from the [[Ferrari 625 F1|625 F1]] car instead of the 250's 3.0 L V12. It was a small car, with the same 2250 mm (89 in) wheelbase as the 250 but even lighter at 730 kg (1610 lb). The engine produced 220 hp (164 kW) at 7000 rpm and could push the little roadster to over 240 km/h (150 mph).<br />
<br />
The lightweight car debuted at the hands of [[Mike Hawthorn]] at [[Monza]] on [[June 29]], 1953. Although it could not keep up on the long straights at that track, Hawthorn still brought the car to fourth place at its debut.<br />
<br />
A single closed 625 TF coupe, one of the last Ferraris designed and built by Vignale, was created in the Spring of 1953.<br />
<br clear=all /><br />
===735 S===<br />
{{Infobox Automobile generation<br />
|name=Ferrari 735 S<br />
|production=1953<br />
|class=[[World Sportscar Championship|WSC racer]]<br />
|predecessor=[[Ferrari 250#250 MM|Ferrari 250 MM]]<br />
|successor=[[#750 Monza|Ferrari 750 Monza]]<br />
|engine=2.9 L (2942 cc) ''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />
}}<br />
The same day that the 625 TF debuted, another car was fielded for [[Alberto Ascari]]. Sporting an enlarged 2.9 L (2942 cc/179 in³) engine, Ascari's '''735 S''' was more capable at Monza, leading the race until he collided with a 250 MM. The 735 S was a barchetta bodied by [[Carrozzeria Autodromo]] with recessed headlights, a drooping grille, and fender vents.<br />
<br clear=all /><br />
==1954-1955==<br />
The 1954 and 1955 seasons were the heyday of the four-cylinder Ferrari sports racer. The company hit its stride, earning the [[World Sportscar Championship]] in 1954 and contending in 1955 despite the legendary [[Mercedes-Benz]] team. The Ferrari sports car lineup at the beginning of 1954 was made up of the 2.0 L 500 Mondial and 3.0 L 750 Monza. The team replaced the Mondial with the 500 TR later that year, and feverishly worked to hold off Mercedes-Benz, developing the larger 857 S and six-cylinder [[Ferrari 118 LM|118 LM]] and [[Ferrari 121 LM|121 LM]]. The planned V12 sports racer family, including the 250 Monza of 1954 and planned [[Ferrari 410 S|410 S]] of 1955, were less notable.<br />
===500 Mondial===<br />
{{Infobox Automobile generation<br />
|name=Ferrari 500 Mondial<br />
|production=1954<br />
|class=[[World Sportscar Championship|WSC racer]]<br />
|predecessor=[[#625 TF|Ferrari 625 TF]]<br />
|successor=[[#500 TR|Ferrari 500 TR]]<br />
|engine=2.0 L (1985 cc) ''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />
}}<br />
The early experiments with Lampredi's four-cylinder engine led to the creation of the famed '''500 Mondial'''. Named to mark the world ("Mondial") championships won by [[Alberto Ascari]], the 500 Mondial featured a 2.0 L version of Lampredi's four cylinder engine in a small and light body with an advanced suspension. The car debuted on [[December 20]], 1953 at the [[12 Hours of Casablanca]] driven by Ascari and [[Gianluigi Villoresi]], placing second to a [[Ferrari 375 MM|375 MM]].<br />
<br />
The 500 Mondial's 2.0 L (1985 cc/121 in³) engine was taken from the [[Ferrari 500 F2|500 F2]] which won the world championship but was detuned to produce 170 hp (127 kW). It was extremely light at 720 kg (1590 lb) and handled well with a modern [[de Dion tube]] rear suspension.<br />
<br />
The first 500 Mondials were coupes bodied by [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], but [[Pinin Farina]] later created a series of barchettas. The Mondial remained competitive through the end of the decade, including an entry in the 1957 Mille Miglia.<br />
<br clear=all /><br />
===750 Monza===<br />
{{Infobox Automobile generation<br />
|name=Ferrari 750 Monza<br />
|production=1954<br />
|class=[[World Sportscar Championship|WSC racer]]<br />
|predecessor=[[#735 S|Ferrari 735 S]]<br />
|successor=[[#857 S|Ferrari 857 S]]<br />
|engine=3.0 L (3000 cc) ''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />
}}<br />
1954 saw the introduction of a new four cylinder sports racer, the '''750 Monza'''. Sporting a three litre version of the 500 Mondial's engine, the Monza was much more powerful, with 250 hp (186 kW) available, but barely heavier at 760 kg (1675 lb). The new-style body was penned by Pinin Farina and presaged the droop-nose look of the famed [[Ferrari 250 GTO|250 GTO]], but it was Scaglietti's 750 Monza, with its faired-in headrest suggesting the flowing [[Ferrari Testa Rossa|Testa Rossa]] that drew attention.<br />
<br />
Mike Hawthorn and [[Umberto Maglioli]] piloted their 750 Monza to victory at Monza<br />
on its very first race, giving the car its name. Although they were strong on the track, the Monza was unable to hold off the [[Mercedes-Benz]] [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR|300 SLR]] in 1955, allowing the Germans to seize the sports car championship that Ferrari claimed in 1954.<br />
<br clear=all /><br />
===250 Monza===<br />
:''See also [[Ferrari 250]]''<br />
The 750 Monza body was mated to the 3.0 L V12 to create the '''250 Monza''' of 1954. This combination was not pursued, however.<br />
<br />
===500 TR===<br />
{{Infobox Automobile generation<br />
|name=Ferrari 500 TR<br />
|production=1954<br />
|class=[[World Sportscar Championship|WSC racer]]<br />
|predecessor=[[#500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]]<br />
|successor=[[#860 Monza|Ferrari 860 Monza]]<br />
|engine=2.0 L (1985 cc) ''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />
}}<br />
As the 750 was introduced in 1954, the smaller 500 Mondial was replaced by another two liter car, the '''500 TR'''. The first car to bear the famed [[Ferrari TR|Testa Rossa]] name, the 500 TR differed from the Mondial in many details. Among the most important was a [[coil spring]] suspension, a radical departure for Ferrari, as well as a synchronized transmission with a two-disc clutch. The 500 TR continued its predecessors tradition of light weight, coming in at just 680 kg (1500 lb), and this combined with the engine's 190 hp (142 kW) to bring stirring performance to the car.<br />
<br />
Scaglietti built most of the 500 TRs, with three also constructed by [[Carrozzeria Touring]], and the design aped the 750 Monza including the faired-in headrest.<br />
<br clear=all /><br />
===857 S===<br />
{{Infobox Automobile generation<br />
|name=Ferrari 857 S<br />
|production=1955<br />
|class=[[World Sportscar Championship|WSC racer]]<br />
|predecessor=[[#750 Monza|Ferrari 750 Monza]]<br />
|successor=[[#860 Monza|Ferrari 860 Monza]]<br />
|engine=3.4 L (3421 cc) ''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />
}}<br />
The short-lived '''857 S''' of 1955 was an attempt to hold off the strong [[Mercedes-Benz]] team, something the 750 Monza and [[Ferrari 118 LM|118 LM]]/[[Ferrari 121 LM|121 LM]] were unable to do. An existing 750 Monza chassis received an enlarged version of Lampredi's four, now displacing 3.4 L (3421 cc/208 in³) and producing 280 hp (209 kW). The car was not competitive with the German team at the 1955 [[Tourist Trophy]], so Lampredi went back to the drawing board for the next season.<br />
<br clear=all /><br />
<br />
==1956==<br />
With Mercedes-Benz pulling out of international sports car racing, the 860 Monza and new [[Ferrari 290 MM|290 MM]] showed well throughout 1956, bringing the sports car world championship home to Mondena again. This despite the fact that [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]]'s new [[Jaguar D-Type|D-Type]] took the crown at the newly-restricted Le Mans and [[Maserati]]'s [[Maserati 300|300 S]] took the [[Nürburgring]] race.<br />
<br />
===860 Monza===<br />
{{Infobox Automobile generation<br />
|name=Ferrari 860 Monza<br />
|production=1956<br />
|class=[[World Sportscar Championship|WSC racer]]<br />
|predecessor=[[#857 S|Ferrari 857 S]]<br />
|successor=[[Ferrari TR#250 Testa Rossa|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]<br />
|engine=3.4 L (3432 cc) ''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />
}}<br />
Although little changed on paper from the 857 S, the 1956 '''860 Monza''' was much more competitive in international sports car racing. The engine was reworked with 102 mm (4 in) by 105 mm (4.1 in) dimensions for a total of 3.4 L (3432 cc/209 in³), though power output remained at 280 hp (209 kW). The wheelbase was lengthened by 100 mm (3.9 in) to 2350 mm (93 in), but a new front [[coil spring]] suspension, as on the 500 TR, allowed the 100 kg (220 lb) heavier car to handle well.<br />
<br clear=all /><br />
===625 LM===<br />
{{Infobox Automobile generation<br />
|name=Ferrari 625 LM<br />
|production=1956<br />
|class=[[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans prototype]]<br />
|predecessor=[[Ferrari 121 LM]]<br />
|successor=[[Ferrari 335 S]]<br>[[Ferrari TR|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]<br />
|engine=2.5 L (2498 cc) ''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />
}}<br />
After the [[1955 Le Mans disaster]], the [[Automobile Club de l'Ouest|ACO]] reduced engine size and restricted prototype entries for the 1956 [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] to control the speed and danger of the race. Ferrari could not enter its 1956 3.4 L [[#860 Monza|860 Monza]] and 3.5 L [[Ferrari 290 MM|290 MM]] in race, so it instead modified three 500 TR barchettas to take the larger 2.5 L engine, and entered them as the '''625 LM'''. The engine was only slightly modified from the [[Ferrari 625 F1|625 F1]] with compression reduced to 9:1 and two Weber 42DCOA carburettors used. Of the three, only the car of [[Olivier Gendebien|Gendebien]]/[[Maurice Trintignant|Trintignant]] finished, placing third to the new [[Jaguar D-Type]].<br />
<br clear=all><br />
==1957==<br />
Ferrari handed off the four-cylinder sports racer line to customers at the end of 1956, choosing to focus on its own attention on the V12-powered [[Ferrari MM|312 and 335 S cars]].<br />
===500 TRC===<br />
{{Infobox Automobile generation<br />
|name=Ferrari 500 TRC<br />
|production=1957<br />
|class=[[World Sportscar Championship|WSC racer]]<br />
|predecessor=[[#500 TR|Ferrari 500 TR]]<br />
|successor=<br />
|engine=2.0 L (1985 cc) ''[[Ferrari Lampredi engine|Lampredi]]'' [[Straight-4|I4]]<br />
}}<br />
The 1956/7 '''500 TRC''' was a massaged version of the successful 500 TR of the previous year. In keeping with the new C-section regulations, Ferrari widened the cockpit, added doors, fitted a windscreen, and even added a stowable convertible top. It rode on the longer 2350 mm (93 in) wheelbase of the 860 Monza and featured coil springs all around, though the live axle in the rear was retained rather than the more modern de Dion tube. The 680 kg (1500 lb) car's 190 hp (142 kW) made it quite capable, and even though it was never a works car, a 500 TRC claimed a class win at the 1958 [[Targa Florio]].<br />
<br clear=all /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book | author=Ascerbi, Leonardo | title=Ferrari: A Complete Guide to All Models | publisher=Motorbooks | year=2006 | id=ISBN 0-7603-2550-2}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ferrari vehicles|Monza]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Straight-14&diff=27413Straight-142007-06-12T13:00:50Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>A '''straight-14''' engine is a [[straight engine]] with fourteen [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]]s. A straight-14 is a very long engine, and therefore only used for large [[ship]]s.<br />
<br />
The only known engine of this type is a member of the [[Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C]] family. It is a huge [[2-stroke]] [[Diesel]] unit for use in [[container ship]]s. The engine became well-known due to photos taken at the Aioi Works in [[Japan]] and spread through [[blog]]s.<br />
<br />
The 14-cylinder version of this modular engine displaces 25,480&nbsp;L (1,556,002&nbsp;in&sup3;) with a 38&nbsp;in (.965&nbsp;m) bore and 98&nbsp;in (2.5&nbsp;m) stroke. The engine is 89&nbsp;ft (27.1&nbsp;m) long, 44&nbsp;ft (13.4&nbsp;m) high, and weighs 2,300&nbsp;tonnes (2 300 000&nbsp;kg). Power output is 108,920&nbsp;hp (80,080&nbsp;kW) at 102&nbsp;rpm. It also produces 5,608,312&nbsp;ft.lbf (7,603,749&nbsp;Nm) of torque at that speed.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Piston engine configurations}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=British_Grand_Prix&diff=27204British Grand Prix2007-06-11T14:05:55Z<p>65.203.76.4: /* Winners of the British Grands Prix */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{F1 race |<br />
Flag = Uk_flag_large.png |<br />
Name = [[United Kingdom|British]] Grand Prix |<br />
Circuit = [[Silverstone Circuit]] |<br />
Circuit_image = Gbrgprix.png |<br />
Laps = 60 |<br />
Circuit_length_km = 5.143 |<br />
Circuit_length_mi = 3.19 |<br />
Race_length_km = 308.36 |<br />
Race_length_mi = 191.60 |<br />
Current_year = 2005 |<br />
Winning_time = 1:24'29.588 |<br />
Winner = [[Juan Pablo Montoya]] |<br />
Winning_team = [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] |<br />
Pole_time = 1'19.905 |<br />
Pole_driver = [[Fernando Alonso]] |<br />
Pole_team = [[Renault F1|Renault]] |<br />
Fastest_lap = 1'20.502 |<br />
Fastest_lap_driver = [[Kimi Räikkönen]] |<br />
Fastest_lap_team = [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''British Grand Prix''' is a race in the calendar of the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] [[Formula One]] World Championship. It is currently held at the [[Silverstone Circuit]] near the village of [[Silverstone]] in [[Northamptonshire]].<br />
<br />
[[Grand Prix motor racing]] was first established in Britain by [[Henry Segrave]] at the [[Brooklands]] course in [[1926]] after his winning of the [[French Grand Prix]] in 1923 and the following year at the [[Spanish Grand Prix]] which raised interest in the sport. The first ever British Grand Prix was won by the [[France|French]] team of [[Louis Wagner]] and [[Robert Sénéchal]] driving a [[Delage|Delage 155B]].<br />
<br />
Silverstone has hosted the race regularly since the start of the F1 championship in 1950 (in which it was the first race of the first ever official World Championship) and every year since 1987; it alternated with [[Brands Hatch]] between 1964 and 1986, and with [[Aintree]] (better known as a horse-racing course) between 1955 and 1962. <br />
<br />
During the [[2003 British Grand Prix]], [[Neil Horan]], an Irish ex-priest, ran onto the track at the Hangar Straight, waving religious banners. He was immediately tackled by race officials and removed from the premises.<br />
<br />
A dispute between Silverstone's owners, the [[British Racing Drivers' Club]] (BRDC), and the Formula One authorities in [[2003]] over the funding of necessary improvements to the track's facilities led to doubts over the future of the race.<br />
<br />
In October [[2004]] the British Grand Prix was left off the preliminary race schedule for 2005 because the BRDC refused to pay the race fee demanded by [[Bernie Ecclestone]]. However, after months of negotiation between the BRDC, Ecclestone and the Formula One constructors, an deal was made for the Grand Prix to be held at Silverstone until [[2009]].<br />
<br />
The 2005 Grand Prix was an important race for all the drivers, especially [[Fernando Alonso]], [[Kimi Räikkönen]] and [[Michael Schumacher]]. [[Team McLaren|McLaren]] were tipped to be runaway winners but Renault emerged as major challengers during the race.<br />
<br />
[[London]] has been mooted as a possible venue for a Grand Prix after a parade of [[Formula One cars]] was held on Regent Street in London in July 2004. This parade, which was widely considered to be successful with about 500,000 spectators turning up, has led to speculation that a street circuit in London could replace or alternate with Silverstone as the venue of the British Grand Prix. Another possibility is that a separate London Grand Prix could be held whilst keeping the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. [[London Mayor]] [[Ken Livingstone]] said he supports the idea of a race around the streets of London, saying it would be highly beneficial to the city. However, opinion is split in the Formula One community about whether any of these options would be practical or desirable.<br />
<br />
==Winners of the British Grands Prix==<br />
''A green background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.''<br />
{| border="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 1em 0 0; background: #666666; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Season<br />
! Driver<br />
! Team<br />
! Location<br />
! Report<br />
|-<br />
! [[2005 Formula One season|2005]]<br />
| [[Juan Pablo Montoya]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Mercedes Benz|Mercedes]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[2005 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2004 Formula One season|2004]]<br />
| [[Michael Schumacher]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[2004 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2003 Formula One season|2003]]<br />
| [[Rubens Barrichello]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[2003 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2002 Formula One season|2002]]<br />
| [[Michael Schumacher]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[2002 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2001 Formula One season|2001]]<br />
| [[Mika Häkkinen]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[2001 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[2000 Formula One season|2000]]<br />
| [[David Coulthard]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[2000 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1999 Formula One season|1999]]<br />
| [[David Coulthard]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1999 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1998 Formula One season|1998]]<br />
| [[Michael Schumacher]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1998 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1997 Formula One season|1997]]<br />
| [[Jacques Villeneuve]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1997 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1996 Formula One season|1996]]<br />
| [[Jacques Villeneuve]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1996 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1995 Formula One season|1995]]<br />
| [[Johnny Herbert]]<br />
| [[Benetton]]-[[Renault]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1995 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1994 Formula One season|1994]]<br />
| [[Damon Hill]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1994 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1993 Formula One season|1993]]<br />
| [[Alain Prost]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1993 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1992 Formula One season|1992]]<br />
| [[Nigel Mansell]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1992 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1991 Formula One season|1991]]<br />
| [[Nigel Mansell]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1991 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1990 Formula One season|1990]]<br />
| [[Alain Prost]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1990 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1989 Formula One season|1989]]<br />
| [[Alain Prost]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Honda]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1989 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1988 Formula One season|1988]]<br />
| [[Ayrton Senna]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Honda]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1988 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1987 Formula One season|1987]]<br />
| [[Nigel Mansell]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Honda]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1987 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1986 Formula One season|1986]]<br />
| [[Nigel Mansell]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Honda]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1986 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1985 Formula One season|1985]]<br />
| [[Alain Prost]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Techniques d'Avant Garde|TAG]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1985 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1984 Formula One season|1984]]<br />
| [[Niki Lauda]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Techniques d'Avant Garde|TAG]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1984 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1983 Formula One season|1983]]<br />
| [[Alain Prost]]<br />
| [[Renault]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1983 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1982 Formula One season|1982]]<br />
| [[Niki Lauda]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1982 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1981 Formula One season|1981]]<br />
| [[John Marshall Watson|John Watson]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1981 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1980 Formula One season|1980]]<br />
| [[Alan Jones]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1980 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1979 Formula One season|1979]]<br />
| [[Clay Regazzoni]]<br />
| [[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1979 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1978 Formula One season|1978]]<br />
| [[Carlos Reutemann]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1978 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1977 Formula One season|1977]]<br />
| [[James Hunt]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1977 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1976 Formula One season|1976]]<br />
| [[Niki Lauda]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1976 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1975 Formula One season|1975]]<br />
| [[Emerson Fittipaldi]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1975 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1974 Formula One season|1974]]<br />
| [[Jody Scheckter]]<br />
| [[Tyrrell]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1974 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1973 Formula One season|1973]]<br />
| [[Peter Revson]]<br />
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1973 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1972 Formula One season|1972]]<br />
| [[Emerson Fittipaldi]]<br />
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1972 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1971 Formula One season|1971]]<br />
| [[Jackie Stewart]]<br />
| [[Tyrrell]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1971 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1970 Formula One season|1970]]<br />
| [[Jochen Rindt]]<br />
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1970 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1969 Formula One season|1969]]<br />
| [[Jackie Stewart]]<br />
| [[Matra]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1969 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1968 Formula One season|1968]]<br />
| [[Jo Siffert]]<br />
| [[team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1968 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1967 Formula One season|1967]]<br />
| [[Jim Clark (racing driver)|Jim Clark]]<br />
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Cosworth]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1967 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1966 Formula One season|1966]]<br />
| [[Jack Brabham]]<br />
| [[Brabham]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1966 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1965 Formula One season|1965]]<br />
| [[Jim Clark (racing driver)|Jim Clark]]<br />
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1965 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1964 Formula One season|1964]]<br />
| [[Jim Clark (racing driver)|Jim Clark]]<br />
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]]<br />
| [[Brands Hatch]]<br />
| [[1964 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1963 Formula One season|1963]]<br />
| [[Jim Clark (racing driver)|Jim Clark]]<br />
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1963 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1962 Formula One season|1962]]<br />
| [[Jim Clark (racing driver)|Jim Clark]]<br />
| [[Team Lotus|Lotus]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]]<br />
| [[Aintree]]<br />
| [[1962 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1961 Formula One season|1961]]<br />
| [[Wolfgang von Trips]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Aintree]]<br />
| [[1961 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1960 Formula One season|1960]]<br />
| [[Jack Brabham]]<br />
| [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1960 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1959 Formula One season|1959]]<br />
| [[Jack Brabham]]<br />
| [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]]-[[Coventry Climax|Climax]]<br />
| [[Aintree]]<br />
| [[1959 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1958 Formula One season|1958]]<br />
| [[Peter Collins]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1958 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1957 Formula One season|1957]]<br />
| [[Stirling Moss]], [[Tony Brooks]]<br />
| [[Vanwall]]<br />
| [[Aintree]]<br />
| [[1957 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1956 Formula One season|1956]]<br />
| [[Juan-Manuel Fangio]]<br />
| [[Lancia]]-[[Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1956 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1955 Formula One season|1955]]<br />
| [[Stirling Moss]]<br />
| [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]<br />
| [[Aintree]]<br />
| [[1955 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1954 Formula One season|1954]]<br />
| [[José Froilán González]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1954 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1953 Formula One season|1953]]<br />
| [[Alberto Ascari]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1953 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1952 Formula One season|1952]]<br />
| [[Alberto Ascari]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1952 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1951 Formula One season|1951]]<br />
| [[José Froilán González]]<br />
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1951 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[1950 Formula One season|1950]]<br />
| [[Giuseppe Farina]]<br />
| [[Alfa Romeo]]<br />
| [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| [[1950 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! bgcolor="#336600"|[[1949 Grand Prix Season|1949]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Toulo de Graffenried|Emmanuel de Graffenried]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Maserati]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[1949 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! bgcolor="#336600"|[[1948 Grand Prix Season|1948]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Luigi Villoresi]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Maserati]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[1948 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! bgcolor="#336600"|[[1938 Grand Prix Season|1938]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Tazio Nuvolari]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Auto Union]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Donington Park|Donington]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[1938 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! bgcolor="#336600"|[[1937 Grand Prix Season|1937]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Bernd Rosemeyer]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Auto Union]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Donington Park|Donington]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[1937 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! bgcolor="#336600"|[[1936 Grand Prix Season|1936]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Hans Ruesch]], [[Richard Seaman]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Alfa Romeo]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Donington Park|Donington]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[1936 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! bgcolor="#336600"|[[1935 Grand Prix Season|1935]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Richard Shuttleworth]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Alfa Romeo]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Donington Park|Donington]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[1935 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! bgcolor="#336600"|[[1927 Grand Prix Season|1927]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Robert Benoist]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Delage]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Brooklands]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[1927 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|-<br />
! bgcolor="#336600"|[[1926 Grand Prix Season|1926]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Louis Wagner]], [[Robert Sénéchal]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Delage]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[Brooklands]]<br />
| bgcolor="#336600"|[[1926 British Grand Prix|Report]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Formula One races}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:British Grand Prix]]<br />
[[Category:Formula One Grands Prix]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Languages_of_Italy&diff=27006Category:Languages of Italy2007-06-01T19:53:23Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div></div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Category:Ferrari_vehicles&diff=27000Category:Ferrari vehicles2007-06-01T19:52:23Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div></div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo&diff=25871Alfa Romeo2007-05-25T21:47:39Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:alfaromeologo.jpg|center|140px]]<br />
<br />
'''Alfa Romeo''' is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[automobile]] manufacturing company, founded as "Darracq Italiana" by Cavaliere Ugo Stella, an aristocrat from [[Milan]] in partnership with the French automobile firm of [[Alexandre Darracq]]. The partnership refurbished an idle Darracq factory in [[Portello]], a Milan suburb, but at the onset of World War I the company converted to a munitions factory and the partnership was dissolved. <br />
Alfa Romeo has been a part of [[Fiat]] SpA since 1987. The company was originally known as ''ALFA'', which is an acronym meaning ''Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili''. (First logo: [http://www.asaf.co.il/alfa/images/19101915.gif])<br />
<br />
When [[Nicola Romeo]], engineer industrialist, bought ALFA in 1915, his surname was appended to the company name. Within a few years of Nicola Romeo taking control, the company began to participate in [[Grand Prix motor racing]]. <br />
<br />
The company's first automobile was the [[Alfa Romeo 24hp|24hp]], which appeared in 1910, and the following year entered the [[Targa Florio]], the special competition in [[Sicily]].<br />
<br />
In 1928 Nicola Romeo left, with Alfa going broke after defense contracts end, and in 1933 Alfa Romeo was rescued by the government, which then had effective control. Alfa became an instrument of Mussolini's Italy, a national emblem.<br />
The Alfa factory was bombed during World War II, and struggled to return to profitability after the war. The luxury vehicles were out. Smaller mass produced vehicles began to issue from Alfa's factories.<br />
By the seventies, Alfa is again in financial trouble, and the Italian government bows out in 1986, as [[FIAT]] buys in, creating a new group, Alfa Lancia Spa, to manufacture Alfas and [[Lancia]]s.<br />
<br />
==Racing history==<br />
[[Image:Alfa Romeo badge.jpg|thumb|200px|The badge on the front of an Alfa in the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] Hall of Fame Museum]]<br />
[[Image:Afetta 159.jpg|thumb|200px|Alfa Romeo 159 detail]]<br />
[[Image:Alfa Romeo 6C.jpg|thumb|200px|Alfa Romeo 6C]]<br />
[[Image:1938_Alfa_Romeo_8c_2900_Mille_Miglia_34.jpg|right|thumb|200px|1938 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 Mille Miglia from the [[Ralph Lauren]] collection]]<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo scored many prestigious victories in all the different categories: [[Formula 1]], [[Prototypes]], Touring and Fast Touring. Private drivers also ran some [[rally]] competitions with fine results.<br />
<br />
In 1923 [[Vittorio Jano]] was lured to Alfa from Fiat, designing the motors that gave Alfa racing success into the late thirties. (When Alfa began to lose in the late thirties Jano was promptly sacked.)<br />
<br />
In the 1930s, [[Tazio Nuvolari]] won the [[Mille Miglia]] in a 6C 1750 [http://members.tripod.lycos.nl/AlfaTom2/galleria1/24hp.htm], crossing the finishing line after having incredibly overtaken [[Achille Varzi]] without his lights (at nighttime). <br />
<br />
The 8C 2300 won the [[Le Mans 24 Hours]] from 1931 to 1934, with Alfa Romeo withdrawing from racing in 1933, when the Italian government took over, and the racing of Alfas was then taken up by Scuderia Ferrari as Alfa's outsourced team. (Enzo Ferrari drove for Alfa, before he went on to manage the team, and after that, went on to manufacture his own cars.)<br />
In 1935 Alfa Romeo won the German Grand Prix with Nuvolari. <br />
In 1938 Biondetti won the Mille Miglia in a 8C 2900B Corto Spyder, thereafter referred to as the "Mille Miglia" model.<br />
<br />
In 1950 [[Nino Farina]] won the [[Formula One]] World Championship in a 158 with compressor, in 1951 [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] won while driving a [[Alfetta]] 159 (an evolution of the 158 with a two-stages compressor). Other titles won in 1975 and 1977, while the [[33]] dominated the Prototype category from 1967 to 1977.<br />
<br />
In the 1960s Alfa Romeo became famous for its small cars and models specifically designed for the Italian police ("Panthers") and [[Carabinieri]]; among them the glorious "Giulia Super" - [http://www.alfaromeo-classic.com/giulia/super_schaer/Bilder/giulia_super.1.jpg]. Or the 2600 Sprint GT [http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/63/], which obtained an expressive nickname of "Inseguimento" (this car is wrongly supposed to be the one that the famous Roman police marshall and unrivalled driver Armandino Spadafora brought down on the Spanish Steps in 1960 while following some robbers - it was instead a black [[Ferrari 250]] GT/E - this pic of Giulia [http://www.alfaclubdc.com/suprflm3.jpg], one of the dozens about this legend, is taken from a movie and not at Spanish Steps).<br />
<br />
After the 1970s, economic issues caused the government to finally sell Alfa Romeo to [[Fiat]] in 1986, which still own it.<br />
<br />
Before being bought by [[Fiat]], [[Alfa Romeo]] always had a daring commercial policy, constantly experimenting with new solutions and using them in its series production, even at the risk of losing market share. [[Alfa]] often used controversial and unorthodox styling too, which often challenged one's assumptions about styling.<br />
<br />
On an English sales brochure: <br />
:''The Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 SS - For the man who has everything, here is the car to keep him company. ... The price is [[GBP]] 2394.1.3 including tax. Expensive? Naturally! What else would you expect a hand-built Alfa to be?'' [http://www.geraldo.at/SS/sales/SS_sales_C1.jpg]<br />
<br />
It represented the make of those cars which could allow some sporty driving on common roads, provided the driver was enthusiast enough to appreciate their particular "sound". <br />
<br />
One owner of an A.R. is an "Alfista", and a group of them are "Alfisti", in Italian. Alfa Romeo is sometimes worshipped by its owners, and many models have become cultural symbols. There are many thriving Alfa Romeo owners clubs and [[Alfa Romeo Model Register]]s. <br />
<br />
In 1967 the famous [[Dustin Hoffman]]'s film "[[The Graduate]]" gave worldwide unforgettable celebrity to the "[[Spider]]" (best known with the Italian nickname of "[[Duetto]]", or as "Osso di Seppia" or Round-tail), and its unique shape. The Spider was designed by [[Pininfarina]].<br />
<br />
==RHD Alfa Romeo Production post-1960==<br />
<br />
In the late 1960's, a number of European automobile manufacturers established facilities in [[South Africa]] to assemble right hand drive vehicles for the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] markets. [[Fiat]] and other Italian manufacturers established factories along with these other manufacturers in Rosslyn, Pretoria and later in Brits.<br />
<br />
With the imposition of sanctions by western powers in the 1970's and 1980's, South Africa became self sufficient, and in car production came to rely more and more on the products of the Uitenhage factories. In consequence, production levels increased, and many manufacturers including [[Fiat]] Spa., [[Lancia]], [[Ferrari]] and Alfa Romeo transferring all their right-hand drive production to Uitenhage. [[Volkswagen]] AG, [[Daimler Benz]] AG and [[BMW]] AG followed suit at about this time.<br />
<br />
Since then, all right-hand-drive production of Alfa Romeo (and most other European manufacturers) remains in Uitenhage - so that RHD European cars are actually South African in origin, or else have their steering and dashboard assemblies produced there.<br />
<br />
==Production models==<br />
<br />
Until the 1980s, Alfa Romeos, except for the [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud|Alfasud]], were rear-wheel-drive.<br />
<br />
In 1995 Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the US. While rumours occasionally surface of their intent to return to that market, no formal plans have ever been announced. The most credible is a rumour that, with [[Maserati|Maserati's]] help, the [[Alfa Romeo 159]] and [[Alfa Romeo Brera]] will be the make's pilot models should it reenter the North American market.<br />
<br />
'''Cloverleaf''' or Quadrifoglio badges denote variants of Alfa Romeo cars, where the name denotes the high-end of the range in comfort and engine size, but previously denoted Alfa Romeo racing cars in the pre-second-world-war era. The image first appeared in 1923 when Ugo Sivocci presented one prior to the start of the 14th [[Targa Florio]] as a good luck token to the team. This became the symbol of competition Alfas, denoting higher performance. Some modern Alfas wear a [[clover]]leaf badge which is typically a green [[four leaf clover]] on a white background (Quadrifoglio Verde), but variants of blue on white have been recently observed. It is assumed that these might denote advanced equipment in other areas (?).<br />
<br />
The Alfettas of the early 1980s had models available sold as the "Silver Leaf" and "Gold Leaf" (Quadrifoglio Oro). These models were the top-of-the-range at the time. Badging was the Alfa Cloverleaf in either gold or silver to denote the specification level. The Gold Leaf model was also sold as the "159i" in some markets, the name in homage to the original 159.<br />
<br />
The ''trim levels'' (option packages) offered today on the various ''nameplates'' (model lines) include the ''lusso,'' “luxury,” ''turismo,'' “touring,” and the GTA (''gran tourismo alleggerita,'' “lightened grand touring”). The GTA package is offered in the 147 and 156 and includes a V-6 engine. In the past, Alfa Romeo offered a Sprint (from Italian ''sprinta'', "tuned") trim level.<br />
<br />
<br />
== List Of Models and Photos ==<br />
<br />
{{Alfa Romeo}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Alfa Romeo Model Identification==<br />
<br />
[[Identification Tables]]<br />
[[Image:alfa_romeo_logos.gif|thumb|right|200px|'''Click to Enlarge''']]<br />
==Concept Cars:==<br />
<br />
Concept Cars by '''[[Italdesign]]'''<br />
<br />
Designs by '''[[Pininfarina]]'''<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo 8C]] (2004)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Return to the United States==<br />
In [[1995]] Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the United States. Rumors began of their return, however as the FAQ on Alfa's British website says "The long-awaited return of Alfa Romeo to the United States market should take place by 2007, with a range of new models." The models expected to come first in the United States were the Alfa Romeo 159, the Brera, the 8C Competizione, and the Spider, which were initially designed to pass US safety regulations.<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo's return to America was confirmed on [[May 5]] [[2006]] by Fiat CEO [[Sergio Marchionne]]. They will begin in 2008, by selling the 8C Competizione. Later, in about 2010 or 2011, Alfa Romeo will release the 159, Brera, and Spider after they receive a mid-life styling refreshment. Alfa Romeos will be sold at Maserati dealers throughout America. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Engines==<br />
<br />
{| table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=5 style="font-size: 95%"<br />
|- tr BGCOLOR="darkred"<br />
!Years||Engine||Cylindrates<br />
|-<br />
|1954&ndash;1994 ||[[Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine|Twin Cam]]|| 1290, 1570, 1750, 1779, 1962<br />
|-<br />
|1992&ndash;present ||[[Alfa Romeo Twin Spark engine|TwinSpark]]||1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2.0<br />
|-<br />
|1971&ndash;1995 ||[[Alfa Romeo Flat-4 engine|Flat-4]]|| 1186, 1286, 1350, 1490, 1712<br />
|-<br />
|1979&ndash;2006 ||[[Alfa Romeo V6 engine|V6]]||2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.2<br />
|-<br />
|2006&ndash;present ||[[GM High Feature engine|GM based V6]]|| 3.2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[History of the Alfa Race Engine]] (Four Of The Greatest).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Racing==<br />
<br />
'''Alfa Romeo 164 Procar V10'''<br />
[[Image:88Alfa V10-500.jpg|right|300px|thumb|"The hart of the beast"]]<br />
During the 1979 and 1980 Formula One seasons, fans were treated to the sight of some of the era’s best F1 pilots joining sports car aces and the occasional wealthy enthusiast in BMW’s Procar series. BMW created this Euro-styled version of IROC to highlight the gorgeous M1 exoticar, and it turned out to be one of the best spec-racing series of all time. BMW folded the program after two seasons, but Alfa Romeo hoped to revive the co But, as these videos of the prototype show, it would have been something. And yes, that’s former F1 ace Riccardo Patrese doing the driving!<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEiXGeQIpf8&mode=related&search= '''Alfa Romeo 164 Procar V10 video''']<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQigN057dMw&mode=related&search= '''Alfa Romeo 164 Procar V10 video 2''']<br />
<br />
<br />
== Internal Links==<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo Value in Italy (Euro)]]<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo Videos]]<br />
<br />
[[Automotive Links]] -- for Parts, Clubs and much more<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.alfaromeo.com Official Alfa Romeo site]<br />
* A love story for Duetto: [http://hem.passagen.se/veloce/STORY.HTM] <br />
* Evolution of the logo: [http://www.asaf.co.il/alfa/images/19101915.gif] <br />
* A typical A.R. dashboard: [http://www.asaf.co.il/alfa/images/gtvdash.jpg] (1750 GTV - 1970s) <br />
* The Alfa Romeo Webring: [http://j.webring.com/webring?ring=alfaromeos] <br />
* Short history of the 158/9 GP Car [http://members.ozemail.com.au/%7Erodeime/158/]<br />
* [http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Alfa_Romeo/ Category at ODP]<br />
* The Alfa Romeo Owners Forum [http://www.alfaowner.com]<br />
* The Alfa Romeo Fan Site [http://www.alfa-romeo.com Alfa-Romeo.com]<br />
* [http://www.imcdb.org/vehicles_make-Alfa+Romeo.html '''Alfa's in the Movies''']<br />
* [http://www.bobcoralfabikes.com '''Alfa Bikes''']<br />
<br />
See also:<br />
* [[List of Italian companies]]<br />
* [[List of Formula One constructors]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Car Information and Photos by Marque}}<br />
{{Motorcycle Information and Photos by Marque}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo&diff=25870Alfa Romeo2007-05-25T21:43:29Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:alfaromeologo.jpg|center|140px]]<br />
<br />
'''Alfa Romeo''' is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[automobile]] manufacturing company, founded as "Darracq Italiana" by Cavaliere Ugo Stella, an aristocrat from [[Milan]] in partnership with the French automobile firm of [[Alexandre Darracq]]. The partnership refurbished an idle Darracq factory in [[Portello]], a Milan suburb, but at the onset of World War I the company converted to a munitions factory and the partnership was dissolved. <br />
Alfa Romeo has been a part of [[Fiat]] SpA since 1987. The company was originally known as ''ALFA'', which is an acronym meaning ''Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili''. (First logo: [http://www.asaf.co.il/alfa/images/19101915.gif])<br />
<br />
When [[Nicola Romeo]], engineer industrialist, bought ALFA in 1915, his surname was appended to the company name. Within a few years of Nicola Romeo taking control, the company began to participate in [[Grand Prix motor racing]]. <br />
<br />
The company's first automobile was the [[Alfa Romeo 24hp|24hp]], which appeared in 1910, and the following year entered the [[Targa Florio]], the special competition in [[Sicily]].<br />
<br />
In 1928 Nicola Romeo left, with Alfa going broke after defense contracts end, and in 1933 Alfa Romeo was rescued by the government, which then had effective control. Alfa became an instrument of Mussolini's Italy, a national emblem.<br />
The Alfa factory was bombed during World War II, and struggled to return to profitability after the war. The luxury vehicles were out. Smaller mass produced vehicles began to issue from Alfa's factories.<br />
By the seventies, Alfa is again in financial trouble, and the Italian government bows out in 1986, as [[FIAT]] buys in, creating a new group, Alfa Lancia Spa, to manufacture Alfas and [[Lancia]]s.<br />
<br />
==Racing history==<br />
[[Image:Alfa Romeo badge.jpg|thumb|200px|The badge on the front of an Alfa in the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] Hall of Fame Museum]]<br />
[[Image:Afetta 159.jpg|thumb|200px|Alfa Romeo 159 detail]]<br />
[[Image:Alfa Romeo 6C.jpg|thumb|200px|Alfa Romeo 6C]]<br />
[[Image:1938_Alfa_Romeo_8c_2900_Mille_Miglia_34.jpg|right|thumb|200px|1938 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 Mille Miglia from the [[Ralph Lauren]] collection]]<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo scored many prestigious victories in all the different categories: [[Formula 1]], [[Prototypes]], Touring and Fast Touring. Private drivers also ran some [[rally]] competitions with fine results.<br />
<br />
In 1923 [[Vittorio Jano]] was lured to Alfa from Fiat, designing the motors that gave Alfa racing success into the late thirties. (When Alfa began to lose in the late thirties Jano was promptly sacked.)<br />
<br />
In the 1930s, [[Tazio Nuvolari]] won the [[Mille Miglia]] in a 6C 1750 [http://members.tripod.lycos.nl/AlfaTom2/galleria1/24hp.htm], crossing the finishing line after having incredibly overtaken [[Achille Varzi]] without his lights (at nighttime). <br />
<br />
The 8C 2300 won the [[Le Mans 24 Hours]] from 1931 to 1934, with Alfa Romeo withdrawing from racing in 1933, when the Italian government took over, and the racing of Alfas was then taken up by Scuderia Ferrari as Alfa's outsourced team. (Enzo Ferrari drove for Alfa, before he went on to manage the team, and after that, went on to manufacture his own cars.)<br />
In 1935 Alfa Romeo won the German Grand Prix with Nuvolari. <br />
In 1938 Biondetti won the Mille Miglia in a 8C 2900B Corto Spyder, thereafter referred to as the "Mille Miglia" model.<br />
<br />
In 1950 [[Nino Farina]] won the [[Formula One]] World Championship in a 158 with compressor, in 1951 [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] won while driving a [[Alfetta]] 159 (an evolution of the 158 with a two-stages compressor). Other titles won in 1975 and 1977, while the [[33]] dominated the Prototype category from 1967 to 1977.<br />
<br />
In the 1960s Alfa Romeo became famous for its small cars and models specifically designed for the Italian police ("Panthers") and [[Carabinieri]]; among them the glorious "Giulia Super" - [http://www.alfaromeo-classic.com/giulia/super_schaer/Bilder/giulia_super.1.jpg]. Or the 2600 Sprint GT [http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/63/], which obtained an expressive nickname of "Inseguimento" (this car is wrongly supposed to be the one that the famous Roman police marshall and unrivalled driver Armandino Spadafora brought down on the Spanish Steps in 1960 while following some robbers - it was instead a black [[Ferrari 250]] GT/E - this pic of Giulia [http://www.alfaclubdc.com/suprflm3.jpg], one of the dozens about this legend, is taken from a movie and not at Spanish Steps).<br />
<br />
After the 1970s, economic issues caused the government to finally sell Alfa Romeo to [[Fiat]] in 1986, which still own it.<br />
<br />
Before being bought by [[Fiat]], [[Alfa Romeo]] always had a daring commercial policy, constantly experimenting with new solutions and using them in its series production, even at the risk of losing market share. [[Alfa]] often used controversial and unorthodox styling too, which often challenged one's assumptions about styling.<br />
<br />
On an English sales brochure: <br />
:''The Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 SS - For the man who has everything, here is the car to keep him company. ... The price is [[GBP]] 2394.1.3 including tax. Expensive? Naturally! What else would you expect a hand-built Alfa to be?'' [http://www.geraldo.at/SS/sales/SS_sales_C1.jpg]<br />
<br />
It represented the make of those cars which could allow some sporty driving on common roads, provided the driver was enthusiast enough to appreciate their particular "sound". <br />
<br />
One owner of an A.R. is an "Alfista", and a group of them are "Alfisti", in Italian. Alfa Romeo is sometimes worshipped by its owners, and many models have become cultural symbols. There are many thriving Alfa Romeo owners clubs and [[Alfa Romeo Model Register]]s. <br />
<br />
In 1967 the famous [[Dustin Hoffman]]'s film "[[The Graduate]]" gave worldwide unforgettable celebrity to the "[[Spider]]" (best known with the Italian nickname of "[[Duetto]]", or as "Osso di Seppia" or Round-tail), and its unique shape. The Spider was designed by [[Pininfarina]].<br />
<br />
==RHD Alfa Romeo Production post-1960==<br />
<br />
In the late 1960's, a number of European automobile manufacturers established facilities in [[South Africa]] to assemble right hand drive vehicles for the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] markets. [[Fiat]] and other Italian manufacturers established factories along with these other manufacturers in Rosslyn, Pretoria and later in Brits.<br />
<br />
With the imposition of sanctions by western powers in the 1970's and 1980's, South Africa became self sufficient, and in car production came to rely more and more on the products of the Uitenhage factories. In consequence, production levels increased, and many manufacturers including [[Fiat]] Spa., [[Lancia]], [[Ferrari]] and Alfa Romeo transferring all their right-hand drive production to Uitenhage. [[Volkswagen]] AG, [[Daimler Benz]] AG and [[BMW]] AG followed suit at about this time.<br />
<br />
Since then, all right-hand-drive production of Alfa Romeo (and most other European manufacturers) remains in Uitenhage - so that RHD European cars are actually South African in origin, or else have their steering and dashboard assemblies produced there.<br />
<br />
==Production models==<br />
<br />
Until the 1980s, Alfa Romeos, except for the [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud|Alfasud]], were rear-wheel-drive.<br />
<br />
In 1995 Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the US. While rumours occasionally surface of their intent to return to that market, no formal plans have ever been announced. The most credible is a rumour that, with [[Maserati|Maserati's]] help, the [[Alfa Romeo 159]] and [[Alfa Romeo Brera]] will be the make's pilot models should it reenter the North American market.<br />
<br />
'''Cloverleaf''' or Quadrifoglio badges denote variants of Alfa Romeo cars, where the name denotes the high-end of the range in comfort and engine size, but previously denoted Alfa Romeo racing cars in the pre-second-world-war era. The image first appeared in 1923 when Ugo Sivocci presented one prior to the start of the 14th [[Targa Florio]] as a good luck token to the team. This became the symbol of competition Alfas, denoting higher performance. Some modern Alfas wear a [[clover]]leaf badge which is typically a green [[four leaf clover]] on a white background (Quadrifoglio Verde), but variants of blue on white have been recently observed. It is assumed that these might denote advanced equipment in other areas (?).<br />
<br />
The Alfettas of the early 1980s had models available sold as the "Silver Leaf" and "Gold Leaf" (Quadrifoglio Oro). These models were the top-of-the-range at the time. Badging was the Alfa Cloverleaf in either gold or silver to denote the specification level. The Gold Leaf model was also sold as the "159i" in some markets, the name in homage to the original 159.<br />
<br />
The ''trim levels'' (option packages) offered today on the various ''nameplates'' (model lines) include the ''lusso,'' “luxury,” ''turismo,'' “touring,” and the GTA (''gran tourismo alleggerita,'' “lightened grand touring”). The GTA package is offered in the 147 and 156 and includes a V-6 engine. In the past, Alfa Romeo offered a Sprint (from Italian ''sprinta'', "tuned") trim level.<br />
<br />
<br />
== List Of Models and Photos ==<br />
<br />
{{Alfa Romeo}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Alfa Romeo Model Identification==<br />
<br />
[[Identification Tables]]<br />
[[Image:alfa_romeo_logos.gif|thumb|right|200px|'''Click to Enlarge''']]<br />
==Concept Cars:==<br />
<br />
Concept Cars by '''[[Italdesign]]'''<br />
<br />
Designs by '''[[Pininfarina]]'''<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo 8C]] (2004)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Return to the United States==<br />
In [[1995]] Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the United States. Rumors began of their return, however as the FAQ on Alfa's British website says "The long-awaited return of Alfa Romeo to the United States market should take place by 2007, with a range of new models." The models expected to come first in the United States were the Alfa Romeo 159, the Brera, the 8C Competizione, and the Spider, which were initially designed to pass US safety regulations.<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo's return to America was confirmed on [[May 5]] [[2006]] by Fiat CEO [[Sergio Marchionne]]. They will begin in 2008, by selling the 8C Competizione. Later, in about 2010 or 2011, Alfa Romeo will release the 159, Brera, and Spider after they receive a mid-life styling refreshment. Alfa Romeos will be sold at Maserati dealers throughout America. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Engines==<br />
<br />
{| table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=5 style="font-size: 95%"<br />
|- tr BGCOLOR="darkred"<br />
!Years||Engine||Cylindrates<br />
|-<br />
|1954&ndash;1994 ||[[Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine|Twin Cam]]|| 1290, 1570, 1750, 1779, 1962<br />
|-<br />
|1992&ndash;present ||[[Alfa Romeo Twin Spark engine|TwinSpark]]||1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2.0<br />
|-<br />
|1971&ndash;1995 ||[[Alfa Romeo Flat-4 engine|Flat-4]]|| 1186, 1286, 1350, 1490, 1712<br />
|-<br />
|1979&ndash;2006 ||[[Alfa Romeo V6 engine|V6]]||2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.2<br />
|-<br />
|2006&ndash;present ||[[GM High Feature engine|GM based V6]]|| 3.2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[History of the Alfa Race Engine]] (Four Of The Greatest).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Racing==<br />
<br />
'''Alfa Romeo 164 Procar V10'''<br />
<br />
During the 1979 and 1980 Formula One seasons, fans were treated to the sight of some of the era’s best F1 pilots joining sports car aces and the occasional wealthy enthusiast in BMW’s Procar series. BMW created this Euro-styled version of IROC to highlight the gorgeous M1 exoticar, and it turned out to be one of the best spec-racing series of all time. BMW folded the program after two seasons, but Alfa Romeo hoped to revive the concept with a car of its own. What they came up with was a surprisingly stock-looking 164 sedan powered by a mid-mounted 3.5 liter V-10 capable of pulling 12,000 rpm on the way to roughly 210 mph. Alas, the program never came together and the project was shelved. But, as these videos of the prototype show, it would have been something. And yes, that’s former F1 ace Riccardo Patrese doing the driving!<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEiXGeQIpf8&mode=related&search= '''Alfa Romeo 164 Procar V10 video''']<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQigN057dMw&mode=related&search= '''Alfa Romeo 164 Procar V10 video 2''']<br />
<br />
<br />
== Internal Links==<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo Value in Italy (Euro)]]<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo Videos]]<br />
<br />
[[Automotive Links]] -- for Parts, Clubs and much more<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.alfaromeo.com Official Alfa Romeo site]<br />
* A love story for Duetto: [http://hem.passagen.se/veloce/STORY.HTM] <br />
* Evolution of the logo: [http://www.asaf.co.il/alfa/images/19101915.gif] <br />
* A typical A.R. dashboard: [http://www.asaf.co.il/alfa/images/gtvdash.jpg] (1750 GTV - 1970s) <br />
* The Alfa Romeo Webring: [http://j.webring.com/webring?ring=alfaromeos] <br />
* Short history of the 158/9 GP Car [http://members.ozemail.com.au/%7Erodeime/158/]<br />
* [http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Alfa_Romeo/ Category at ODP]<br />
* The Alfa Romeo Owners Forum [http://www.alfaowner.com]<br />
* The Alfa Romeo Fan Site [http://www.alfa-romeo.com Alfa-Romeo.com]<br />
* [http://www.imcdb.org/vehicles_make-Alfa+Romeo.html '''Alfa's in the Movies''']<br />
* [http://www.bobcoralfabikes.com '''Alfa Bikes''']<br />
<br />
See also:<br />
* [[List of Italian companies]]<br />
* [[List of Formula One constructors]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Car Information and Photos by Marque}}<br />
{{Motorcycle Information and Photos by Marque}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo&diff=25869Alfa Romeo2007-05-25T21:42:57Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:alfaromeologo.jpg|center|140px]]<br />
<br />
'''Alfa Romeo''' is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[automobile]] manufacturing company, founded as "Darracq Italiana" by Cavaliere Ugo Stella, an aristocrat from [[Milan]] in partnership with the French automobile firm of [[Alexandre Darracq]]. The partnership refurbished an idle Darracq factory in [[Portello]], a Milan suburb, but at the onset of World War I the company converted to a munitions factory and the partnership was dissolved. <br />
Alfa Romeo has been a part of [[Fiat]] SpA since 1987. The company was originally known as ''ALFA'', which is an acronym meaning ''Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili''. (First logo: [http://www.asaf.co.il/alfa/images/19101915.gif])<br />
<br />
When [[Nicola Romeo]], engineer industrialist, bought ALFA in 1915, his surname was appended to the company name. Within a few years of Nicola Romeo taking control, the company began to participate in [[Grand Prix motor racing]]. <br />
<br />
The company's first automobile was the [[Alfa Romeo 24hp|24hp]], which appeared in 1910, and the following year entered the [[Targa Florio]], the special competition in [[Sicily]].<br />
<br />
In 1928 Nicola Romeo left, with Alfa going broke after defense contracts end, and in 1933 Alfa Romeo was rescued by the government, which then had effective control. Alfa became an instrument of Mussolini's Italy, a national emblem.<br />
The Alfa factory was bombed during World War II, and struggled to return to profitability after the war. The luxury vehicles were out. Smaller mass produced vehicles began to issue from Alfa's factories.<br />
By the seventies, Alfa is again in financial trouble, and the Italian government bows out in 1986, as [[FIAT]] buys in, creating a new group, Alfa Lancia Spa, to manufacture Alfas and [[Lancia]]s.<br />
<br />
==Racing history==<br />
[[Image:Alfa Romeo badge.jpg|thumb|200px|The badge on the front of an Alfa in the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] Hall of Fame Museum]]<br />
[[Image:Afetta 159.jpg|thumb|200px|Alfa Romeo 159 detail]]<br />
[[Image:Alfa Romeo 6C.jpg|thumb|200px|Alfa Romeo 6C]]<br />
[[Image:1938_Alfa_Romeo_8c_2900_Mille_Miglia_34.jpg|right|thumb|200px|1938 Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 Mille Miglia from the [[Ralph Lauren]] collection]]<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo scored many prestigious victories in all the different categories: [[Formula 1]], [[Prototypes]], Touring and Fast Touring. Private drivers also ran some [[rally]] competitions with fine results.<br />
<br />
In 1923 [[Vittorio Jano]] was lured to Alfa from Fiat, designing the motors that gave Alfa racing success into the late thirties. (When Alfa began to lose in the late thirties Jano was promptly sacked.)<br />
<br />
In the 1930s, [[Tazio Nuvolari]] won the [[Mille Miglia]] in a 6C 1750 [http://members.tripod.lycos.nl/AlfaTom2/galleria1/24hp.htm], crossing the finishing line after having incredibly overtaken [[Achille Varzi]] without his lights (at nighttime). <br />
<br />
The 8C 2300 won the [[Le Mans 24 Hours]] from 1931 to 1934, with Alfa Romeo withdrawing from racing in 1933, when the Italian government took over, and the racing of Alfas was then taken up by Scuderia Ferrari as Alfa's outsourced team. (Enzo Ferrari drove for Alfa, before he went on to manage the team, and after that, went on to manufacture his own cars.)<br />
In 1935 Alfa Romeo won the German Grand Prix with Nuvolari. <br />
In 1938 Biondetti won the Mille Miglia in a 8C 2900B Corto Spyder, thereafter referred to as the "Mille Miglia" model.<br />
<br />
In 1950 [[Nino Farina]] won the [[Formula One]] World Championship in a 158 with compressor, in 1951 [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] won while driving a [[Alfetta]] 159 (an evolution of the 158 with a two-stages compressor). Other titles won in 1975 and 1977, while the [[33]] dominated the Prototype category from 1967 to 1977.<br />
<br />
In the 1960s Alfa Romeo became famous for its small cars and models specifically designed for the Italian police ("Panthers") and [[Carabinieri]]; among them the glorious "Giulia Super" - [http://www.alfaromeo-classic.com/giulia/super_schaer/Bilder/giulia_super.1.jpg]. Or the 2600 Sprint GT [http://www.motorbase.com/vehicle/by-id/63/], which obtained an expressive nickname of "Inseguimento" (this car is wrongly supposed to be the one that the famous Roman police marshall and unrivalled driver Armandino Spadafora brought down on the Spanish Steps in 1960 while following some robbers - it was instead a black [[Ferrari 250]] GT/E - this pic of Giulia [http://www.alfaclubdc.com/suprflm3.jpg], one of the dozens about this legend, is taken from a movie and not at Spanish Steps).<br />
<br />
After the 1970s, economic issues caused the government to finally sell Alfa Romeo to [[Fiat]] in 1986, which still own it.<br />
<br />
Before being bought by [[Fiat]], [[Alfa Romeo]] always had a daring commercial policy, constantly experimenting with new solutions and using them in its series production, even at the risk of losing market share. [[Alfa]] often used controversial and unorthodox styling too, which often challenged one's assumptions about styling.<br />
<br />
On an English sales brochure: <br />
:''The Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 SS - For the man who has everything, here is the car to keep him company. ... The price is [[GBP]] 2394.1.3 including tax. Expensive? Naturally! What else would you expect a hand-built Alfa to be?'' [http://www.geraldo.at/SS/sales/SS_sales_C1.jpg]<br />
<br />
It represented the make of those cars which could allow some sporty driving on common roads, provided the driver was enthusiast enough to appreciate their particular "sound". <br />
<br />
One owner of an A.R. is an "Alfista", and a group of them are "Alfisti", in Italian. Alfa Romeo is sometimes worshipped by its owners, and many models have become cultural symbols. There are many thriving Alfa Romeo owners clubs and [[Alfa Romeo Model Register]]s. <br />
<br />
In 1967 the famous [[Dustin Hoffman]]'s film "[[The Graduate]]" gave worldwide unforgettable celebrity to the "[[Spider]]" (best known with the Italian nickname of "[[Duetto]]", or as "Osso di Seppia" or Round-tail), and its unique shape. The Spider was designed by [[Pininfarina]].<br />
<br />
==RHD Alfa Romeo Production post-1960==<br />
<br />
In the late 1960's, a number of European automobile manufacturers established facilities in [[South Africa]] to assemble right hand drive vehicles for the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] markets. [[Fiat]] and other Italian manufacturers established factories along with these other manufacturers in Rosslyn, Pretoria and later in Brits.<br />
<br />
With the imposition of sanctions by western powers in the 1970's and 1980's, South Africa became self sufficient, and in car production came to rely more and more on the products of the Uitenhage factories. In consequence, production levels increased, and many manufacturers including [[Fiat]] Spa., [[Lancia]], [[Ferrari]] and Alfa Romeo transferring all their right-hand drive production to Uitenhage. [[Volkswagen]] AG, [[Daimler Benz]] AG and [[BMW]] AG followed suit at about this time.<br />
<br />
Since then, all right-hand-drive production of Alfa Romeo (and most other European manufacturers) remains in Uitenhage - so that RHD European cars are actually South African in origin, or else have their steering and dashboard assemblies produced there.<br />
<br />
==Production models==<br />
<br />
Until the 1980s, Alfa Romeos, except for the [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud|Alfasud]], were rear-wheel-drive.<br />
<br />
In 1995 Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the US. While rumours occasionally surface of their intent to return to that market, no formal plans have ever been announced. The most credible is a rumour that, with [[Maserati|Maserati's]] help, the [[Alfa Romeo 159]] and [[Alfa Romeo Brera]] will be the make's pilot models should it reenter the North American market.<br />
<br />
'''Cloverleaf''' or Quadrifoglio badges denote variants of Alfa Romeo cars, where the name denotes the high-end of the range in comfort and engine size, but previously denoted Alfa Romeo racing cars in the pre-second-world-war era. The image first appeared in 1923 when Ugo Sivocci presented one prior to the start of the 14th [[Targa Florio]] as a good luck token to the team. This became the symbol of competition Alfas, denoting higher performance. Some modern Alfas wear a [[clover]]leaf badge which is typically a green [[four leaf clover]] on a white background (Quadrifoglio Verde), but variants of blue on white have been recently observed. It is assumed that these might denote advanced equipment in other areas (?).<br />
<br />
The Alfettas of the early 1980s had models available sold as the "Silver Leaf" and "Gold Leaf" (Quadrifoglio Oro). These models were the top-of-the-range at the time. Badging was the Alfa Cloverleaf in either gold or silver to denote the specification level. The Gold Leaf model was also sold as the "159i" in some markets, the name in homage to the original 159.<br />
<br />
The ''trim levels'' (option packages) offered today on the various ''nameplates'' (model lines) include the ''lusso,'' “luxury,” ''turismo,'' “touring,” and the GTA (''gran tourismo alleggerita,'' “lightened grand touring”). The GTA package is offered in the 147 and 156 and includes a V-6 engine. In the past, Alfa Romeo offered a Sprint (from Italian ''sprinta'', "tuned") trim level.<br />
<br />
<br />
== List Of Models and Photos ==<br />
<br />
{{Alfa Romeo}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Alfa Romeo Model Identification==<br />
<br />
[[Identification Tables]]<br />
[[Image:alfa_romeo_logos.gif|thumb|right|200px|'''Click to Enlarge''']]<br />
==Concept Cars:==<br />
<br />
Concept Cars by '''[[Italdesign]]'''<br />
<br />
Designs by '''[[Pininfarina]]'''<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo 8C]] (2004)<br />
<br />
<br />
==Return to the United States==<br />
In [[1995]] Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the United States. Rumors began of their return, however as the FAQ on Alfa's British website says "The long-awaited return of Alfa Romeo to the United States market should take place by 2007, with a range of new models." The models expected to come first in the United States were the Alfa Romeo 159, the Brera, the 8C Competizione, and the Spider, which were initially designed to pass US safety regulations.<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo's return to America was confirmed on [[May 5]] [[2006]] by Fiat CEO [[Sergio Marchionne]]. They will begin in 2008, by selling the 8C Competizione. Later, in about 2010 or 2011, Alfa Romeo will release the 159, Brera, and Spider after they receive a mid-life styling refreshment. Alfa Romeos will be sold at Maserati dealers throughout America. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Engines==<br />
<br />
{| table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=4 CELLPADDING=5 style="font-size: 95%"<br />
|- tr BGCOLOR="darkred"<br />
!Years||Engine||Cylindrates<br />
|-<br />
|1954&ndash;1994 ||[[Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine|Twin Cam]]|| 1290, 1570, 1750, 1779, 1962<br />
|-<br />
|1992&ndash;present ||[[Alfa Romeo Twin Spark engine|TwinSpark]]||1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2.0<br />
|-<br />
|1971&ndash;1995 ||[[Alfa Romeo Flat-4 engine|Flat-4]]|| 1186, 1286, 1350, 1490, 1712<br />
|-<br />
|1979&ndash;2006 ||[[Alfa Romeo V6 engine|V6]]||2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.2<br />
|-<br />
|2006&ndash;present ||[[GM High Feature engine|GM based V6]]|| 3.2<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*[[History of the Alfa Race Engine]] (Four Of The Greatest).<br />
<br />
==Racing==<br />
<br />
'''Alfa Romeo 164 Procar V10'''<br />
<br />
During the 1979 and 1980 Formula One seasons, fans were treated to the sight of some of the era’s best F1 pilots joining sports car aces and the occasional wealthy enthusiast in BMW’s Procar series. BMW created this Euro-styled version of IROC to highlight the gorgeous M1 exoticar, and it turned out to be one of the best spec-racing series of all time. BMW folded the program after two seasons, but Alfa Romeo hoped to revive the concept with a car of its own. What they came up with was a surprisingly stock-looking 164 sedan powered by a mid-mounted 3.5 liter V-10 capable of pulling 12,000 rpm on the way to roughly 210 mph. Alas, the program never came together and the project was shelved. But, as these videos of the prototype show, it would have been something. And yes, that’s former F1 ace Riccardo Patrese doing the driving!<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEiXGeQIpf8&mode=related&search= '''Alfa Romeo 164 Procar V10 video''']<br />
<br />
[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQigN057dMw&mode=related&search= '''Alfa Romeo 164 Procar V10 video 2''']<br />
<br />
<br />
== Internal Links==<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo Value in Italy (Euro)]]<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo Videos]]<br />
<br />
[[Automotive Links]] -- for Parts, Clubs and much more<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.alfaromeo.com Official Alfa Romeo site]<br />
* A love story for Duetto: [http://hem.passagen.se/veloce/STORY.HTM] <br />
* Evolution of the logo: [http://www.asaf.co.il/alfa/images/19101915.gif] <br />
* A typical A.R. dashboard: [http://www.asaf.co.il/alfa/images/gtvdash.jpg] (1750 GTV - 1970s) <br />
* The Alfa Romeo Webring: [http://j.webring.com/webring?ring=alfaromeos] <br />
* Short history of the 158/9 GP Car [http://members.ozemail.com.au/%7Erodeime/158/]<br />
* [http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Alfa_Romeo/ Category at ODP]<br />
* The Alfa Romeo Owners Forum [http://www.alfaowner.com]<br />
* The Alfa Romeo Fan Site [http://www.alfa-romeo.com Alfa-Romeo.com]<br />
* [http://www.imcdb.org/vehicles_make-Alfa+Romeo.html '''Alfa's in the Movies''']<br />
* [http://www.bobcoralfabikes.com '''Alfa Bikes''']<br />
<br />
See also:<br />
* [[List of Italian companies]]<br />
* [[List of Formula One constructors]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Car Information and Photos by Marque}}<br />
{{Motorcycle Information and Photos by Marque}}</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo_8C&diff=25868Alfa Romeo 8C2007-05-25T21:35:02Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:bb_30499.jpg|thumb|400px|left]]<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo]]'s '''8C''' was a famed [[sports car]] of the [[1930s]]. The name referred to the [[straight-8|straight 8 cylinder]] engine. The [[Vittorio Jano]]-designed 8C was Alfa's primary sports model from its introduction in [[1931]] to its retirement in [[1939]].<br />
<br />
The first models were the '''2300''', a reference to the car's 2.3&nbsp;L (2300&nbsp;cc) engine. The short wheelbase version of this car won the [[Targa Florio]] race in [[Sicily]], but it was the [[Italian Grand Prix]] victory at [[Monza]] that gave it its nickname, "Monza".<br />
<br />
The [[supercharged]] [[dual overhead cam]] [[straight-8]] engine, also designed by Jano, was later enlarged to 2.6&nbsp;L. In this guise, the 8C could accelerate to 60&nbsp;mph (97&nbsp;km/h) in less than 7 seconds and could eventually reach 135&nbsp;mph (217&nbsp;km/h).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==2004 concept car==<br />
<br />
[[Image:alfa_420x251.jpg|thumb|right|400px|'''Now in production and to be imported to the US in 2007''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo launched the stunning '8C Competizione' [[concept car]] at the 60th [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] in 2004 to an astonished audience.<br />
<br />
The beautiful sweeping lines of the twin seater hark back to the early styling of the Alfa's of the 30's and 40's, and the 'Competizione' name is a pointer to the '6C 2500 Competizione' the [[Mille Miglia]] race competitor in 1950, driven by Juan-Manuel Fangio and Augusto Zanardi.<br />
<br />
[[Image:88360d2b12a7e92a232f6a795f9511a1.jpg|thumb|right|400px]]<br />
<br />
To much disappointment, the [[FIAT]] motor group decided not to produce any road-going versions of the 8C, sighting conflicting sales with the [[Maserati]] brand, of which the 8C's 4.3-litre [[V8]] engine is derived.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
[http://www.8c.alfaromeo.it/# '''Official Alfa 8C Competizione website''']<br />
<br />
<br />
<table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=5 CELLPADDING=5 width=40%><br />
<br />
<tr BGCOLOR="#eaebf1"><td><center><font face="Arial">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awzwE_1qcKc&NR '''Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione Video''']</font></td></center></tr><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|8C]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo_8C&diff=25867Alfa Romeo 8C2007-05-25T21:34:49Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:bb_30499.jpg|thumb|400px|left]]<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo]]'s '''8C''' was a famed [[sports car]] of the [[1930s]]. The name referred to the [[straight-8|straight 8 cylinder]] engine. The [[Vittorio Jano]]-designed 8C was Alfa's primary sports model from its introduction in [[1931]] to its retirement in [[1939]].<br />
<br />
The first models were the '''2300''', a reference to the car's 2.3&nbsp;L (2300&nbsp;cc) engine. The short wheelbase version of this car won the [[Targa Florio]] race in [[Sicily]], but it was the [[Italian Grand Prix]] victory at [[Monza]] that gave it its nickname, "Monza".<br />
<br />
The [[supercharged]] [[dual overhead cam]] [[straight-8]] engine, also designed by Jano, was later enlarged to 2.6&nbsp;L. In this guise, the 8C could accelerate to 60&nbsp;mph (97&nbsp;km/h) in less than 7 seconds and could eventually reach 135&nbsp;mph (217&nbsp;km/h).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==2004 concept car==<br />
<br />
[[Image:alfa_420x251.jpg|thumb|right|400px|'''Now in production and to be imported to the US in 2007''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo launched the stunning '8C Competizione' [[concept car]] at the 60th [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] in 2004 to an astonished audience.<br />
<br />
The beautiful sweeping lines of the twin seater hark back to the early styling of the Alfa's of the 30's and 40's, and the 'Competizione' name is a pointer to the '6C 2500 Competizione' the [[Mille Miglia]] race competitor in 1950, driven by Juan-Manuel Fangio and Augusto Zanardi.<br />
<br />
[[Image:88360d2b12a7e92a232f6a795f9511a1.jpg|thumb|right|400px]]<br />
<br />
To much disappointment, the [[FIAT]] motor group decided not to produce any road-going versions of the 8C, sighting conflicting sales with the [[Maserati]] brand, of which the 8C's 4.3-litre [[V8]] engine is derived.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
[http://www.8c.alfaromeo.it/# '''Official Alfa 8C Competizione website''']<br />
<br />
<br />
<table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=5 CELLPADDING=5 width=40%><br />
<br />
<tr BGCOLOR="#eaebf1"><td><center><font face="Arial">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awzwE_1qcKc&NR '''Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione Video''']</font></td></center></tr><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|8C]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo_8C&diff=25866Alfa Romeo 8C2007-05-25T21:34:30Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:bb_30499.jpg|thumb|400px|left]]<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo]]'s '''8C''' was a famed [[sports car]] of the [[1930s]]. The name referred to the [[straight-8|straight 8 cylinder]] engine. The [[Vittorio Jano]]-designed 8C was Alfa's primary sports model from its introduction in [[1931]] to its retirement in [[1939]].<br />
<br />
The first models were the '''2300''', a reference to the car's 2.3&nbsp;L (2300&nbsp;cc) engine. The short wheelbase version of this car won the [[Targa Florio]] race in [[Sicily]], but it was the [[Italian Grand Prix]] victory at [[Monza]] that gave it its nickname, "Monza".<br />
<br />
The [[supercharged]] [[dual overhead cam]] [[straight-8]] engine, also designed by Jano, was later enlarged to 2.6&nbsp;L. In this guise, the 8C could accelerate to 60&nbsp;mph (97&nbsp;km/h) in less than 7 seconds and could eventually reach 135&nbsp;mph (217&nbsp;km/h).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==2004 concept car==<br />
<br />
[[Image:alfa_420x251.jpg|thumb|right|400px|'''Now in production and to be imported to the US in 2007''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo launched the stunning '8C Competizione' [[concept car]] at the 60th [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] in 2004 to an astonished audience.<br />
<br />
The beautiful sweeping lines of the twin seater hark back to the early styling of the Alfa's of the 30's and 40's, and the 'Competizione' name is a pointer to the '6C 2500 Competizione' the [[Mille Miglia]] race competitor in 1950, driven by Juan-Manuel Fangio and Augusto Zanardi.<br />
<br />
[[Image:88360d2b12a7e92a232f6a795f9511a1.jpg|thumb|right|400px]]<br />
<br />
To much disappointment, the [[FIAT]] motor group decided not to produce any road-going versions of the 8C, sighting conflicting sales with the [[Maserati]] brand, of which the 8C's 4.3-litre [[V8]] engine is derived.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
[http://www.8c.alfaromeo.it/# '''Official Alfa 8C Competizione website''']<br />
<br />
<br />
<table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=5 CELLPADDING=5 width=40%><br />
<br />
<tr BGCOLOR="#eaebf1"><td><center><font face="Arial">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awzwE_1qcKc&NR '''Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione Video''']</font></td></center></tr><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|8C]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Alfa_Romeo_8C&diff=25865Alfa Romeo 8C2007-05-25T21:34:12Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:bb_30499.jpg|thumb|400px|left]]<br />
<br />
[[Alfa Romeo]]'s '''8C''' was a famed [[sports car]] of the [[1930s]]. The name referred to the [[straight-8|straight 8 cylinder]] engine. The [[Vittorio Jano]]-designed 8C was Alfa's primary sports model from its introduction in [[1931]] to its retirement in [[1939]].<br />
<br />
The first models were the '''2300''', a reference to the car's 2.3&nbsp;L (2300&nbsp;cc) engine. The short wheelbase version of this car won the [[Targa Florio]] race in [[Sicily]], but it was the [[Italian Grand Prix]] victory at [[Monza]] that gave it its nickname, "Monza".<br />
<br />
The [[supercharged]] [[dual overhead cam]] [[straight-8]] engine, also designed by Jano, was later enlarged to 2.6&nbsp;L. In this guise, the 8C could accelerate to 60&nbsp;mph (97&nbsp;km/h) in less than 7 seconds and could eventually reach 135&nbsp;mph (217&nbsp;km/h).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==2004 concept car==<br />
<br />
[[Image:alfa_420x251.jpg|thumb|right|400px|'''Now in production and to be imported to the US in 2007''']]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Alfa Romeo launched the stunning '8C Competizione' [[concept car]] at the 60th [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] in 2004 to an astonished audience.<br />
<br />
The beautiful sweeping lines of the twin seater hark back to the early styling of the Alfa's of the 30's and 40's, and the 'Competizione' name is a pointer to the '6C 2500 Competizione' the [[Mille Miglia]] race competitor in 1950, driven by Juan-Manuel Fangio and Augusto Zanardi.<br />
<br />
[[Image:88360d2b12a7e92a232f6a795f9511a1.jpg|thumb|right|400px]]<br />
<br />
To much disappointment, the [[FIAT]] motor group decided not to produce any road-going versions of the 8C, sighting conflicting sales with the [[Maserati]] brand, of which the 8C's 4.3-litre [[V8]] engine is derived.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
[http://www.8c.alfaromeo.it/# '''Official Alfa 8C Competizione website''']<br />
<br />
<table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=5 CELLPADDING=5 width=40%><br />
<br />
<tr BGCOLOR="#eaebf1"><td><center><font face="Arial">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awzwE_1qcKc&NR '''Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione Video''']</font></td></center></tr><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alfa Romeo vehicles|8C]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Kart_racing&diff=25858Kart racing2007-05-25T14:34:10Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div>__NOEDITSECTION__<br />
[[Image:Go kart.jpg|thumb|300px|Go Kart racing, Bairnsdale Kart Club]]<br />
[[Image:Kart Race Indoor 2002.jpg|thumb|301px|Indoor Kart racing]][[Image:Kart Racing 1.jpg|thumb|301px|Kart racers race each other on an outdoor track]]<br />
'''Kart racing''' (as the word is so spelled by enthusiasts) or '''karting''' is a variant of [[open-wheeler]] [[motor sport]] with simple, small four-wheeled vehicles called '''karts''', '''go-karts''', or '''gearbox/shifter karts''' depending on the design. By definition a kart must have no suspension (relying on chassis flex), and no differential (solid back axle). They are usually raced on scaled-down tracks, but are sometimes driven as entertainment or as a [[hobby]] by non-professionals. Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher and more expensive ranks of motorsports.<br />
Karts were initially created in the [[United States]] in the 1950s post-war period by airmen as a way to pass spare time. [[Art Ingels]] is generally accepted to be the father of karting. He built the first kart in [[Southern California]] in 1956. Karting has rapidly spread to other countries, and it currently has a large following in [[Europe]]. Karts vary in speed and some can reach speeds exceding 160mph. A TKM kart with a 100cc 2 stroke engine and an overall weight including the driver of 145 kilograms, can accelerate from 0-60mph in under 4.5 seconds, and has a top speed of 75mph. It has a better power to weight ratio than a Ferrari F50. A kart like this can be driven by race licence holders over the age of 11.<br />
<br />
==Components==<br />
=== Chassis ===<br />
The [[chassis]], a very important element of the kart because it must be flexible enough to work as a suspension and stern enough not to break or give way on a turn. If the chassis were not this way, the grip of the rear wheels would exceed the grip of the fronts, and the kart would not turn in to the corner. Kart chassis are also classified as 'open,' 'caged,' 'straight,' or 'offset.' Caged karts have a [[roll cage]] surrounding the driver, and open karts have no roll cage. Caged karts are not used in Europe. In straight chassis the driver sits in the center, but in offset chassis the driver sits on the left side. Straight chassis are used for sprint racing and offset chassis are used for [[speedway]] racing. <br />
<br />
The stiffness of the chassis enables different handling characteristics for different circumstances. Typically, for dry conditions a stiffer chassis is preferable, while in wet or other poor traction conditions, a more flexible chassis is better for some karts. For other classes / driving styles, there will be stiffening bars on the kart which are done up tightly for dry and loosened to give more flex for wet conditions. Further complications can be added by changing floor pan materials / fastenings to change the effective stiffness of the chassis.<br />
<br />
Professionally raced karts typically weigh 200 to 300 lb (100 to 150 kg). [[Avanti Kart]], [[Tony Kart]], [[Top Kart]], [[Birel]], [[CRG]] and [[Mach 1 Kart]] are a few well known examples of the many European manufacturers of race-quality chassis. These usually cost around £1700. American companies in the shifter kart market include: [[GT Race Karts]], [[Trackmagic]] and [[Margay]]. ([[List of karting manufacturers]])<br />
<br />
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Ben Harbur.jpg|right|frame|Image of a Rotax Max at USA's OVRP]] --><br />
<br />
=== Motor and fuel ===<br />
While hobby go-karts depend on [[gravity]] for propulsion (these can be called [[soap-box cart]]s or billy karts), racing karts use a small [[engine]]. Several types are available, as well as differing fuel options. [[Gasoline]] [[Two-stroke cycle|2-stroke]] or [[Four-stroke cycle|4-stroke]] engines are the most common type, but other types of propulsion are available:<br />
* Engines running [[methanol]] (or other [[alcohol]]-based fuels)<br />
* Petrol (Gasoline) engines converted to run on [[propane]] or [[methane]]<br />
* Pressurised gas, using a cylinder carried with the kart<br />
* [[Electric motor]]s powered by kart-mounted [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]]<br />
<br />
4-stroke engines are typically standard [[lawn mower]] engines, sometimes with small modifications, developing from about 5 to 20 hp (4 to 15 kW). [[Briggs & Stratton]], [[Tecumseh]], [[Kohler]], [[Robin]], and [[Honda]] are manufacturers of such engines. They are plenty adequate for racing and fun cart applications.<br />
<br />
2-stroke engines were originally taken from [[motorcycle]]s, but have become a kart-specialised item with dedicated manufacturers, Vortex being one example. These can develop from about 16 hp to 30 hp (12 to 22 kW) for a single-cylinder 100 cc unit to 90 hp (67 kW) for a twin 250 cc. The most popular categories worldwide are those using 100 cc engines and the "[[Touch-and-Go]]" 125 cc units. A typical 100 cc or 125 cc TaG engine costs around £1500, and a 125 cc gearbox engine about £2000.<br />
<br />
=== Transmission ===<br />
Karts do not have a [[differential (mechanics)|differential]]. The lack of a differential means that one rear tyre must slide while cornering. This is achieved by designing the chassis so that the inside rear tyre lifts up slightly when the kart turns the corner. This allows the tyre to slide and lose some of its grip or lift off the ground completely, sometimes 3 or 4 inches from the ground depending on the corner, chassis setup or driving style. Recreational karts have fixed gearing, which in part, determines their top speed. They are usually limited to about 60 mph (100km/h) for sprint karts and about 105 mph (160 km/h) for enduro karts. In the very early days karts were direct drive, but the inconvenience of that setup soon led to the [[centrifugal clutch]] for the club level classes. At first the [[clutch|clutches]] were "dry", but the oil bath or "slipper" clutch became common later. These slipper clutches allow the high rpm kart engines to stay higher on their power curve at low speeds, and produce impressive acceleration as they engage. Another method of transmission is the torque converter. It is mainly used in fun cart set ups, but can be successfully used in karts built for racing. The torque converter works where there is a belt on two pulleys, and when RPMs increase, the belt moves higher and higher in the groove of the one pulley, and gradually making the gear ratio bigger.<br />
<br />
However, the top international classes still use direct drive engines, the reasoning being that at this level drivers should be good enough to stay on the track during the race and hence not need to restart their karts. Unclutched engines will be used at this level until 2007 when the rules will change.<br />
<br />
More serious kart racers in the USA prefer shifter karts, which have a six-speed [[manual transmission]] and a clutch to make better use of the more powerful engine. Some of these gearboxes are operated with wheel-mounted paddles. In Europe, competitive kart racers tend to prefer fixed gear 100 cc or 125 cc machines although shifters of 125 cc, 250 cc and occasionally 210 cc are also raced.<br />
Typical top speeds of racing karts are around 105 mph (160 km/h) for fixed gear and in excess of 160 mph (260 km/h) for the best shifters.<br />
<br />
=== Tires ===<br />
Wheels and [[tire]]s are much smaller than those used on a normal car. Similar to other motorsports, kart tyres have different types for use appropriate to track conditions:<br />
* [[Slick tire|Slicks]] for dry weather. In international level racing these are some of the softest and most advanced tires in motorsport and a development ground for [[Formula One]].<br />
* [[Rain tire]]s for wet weather<br />
* [[Intermediate tire|Intermediates]] for damp or low traction conditions. Sometimes worn wet tire can be used.<br />
* Special, such as spiked tire for icy conditions, or cuts for high grip dirt/clay speedways. Cuts are modified [[Slick tires|slicks]] using a [[lathe]] to optimize handling while spiked tyres are [[Slick tire|slicks]] with screws through them. <br />
<br />
Tires are sometimes prepared with special solvents to soften them and increase grip, however this is banned by many racing organizations. These solvents typically affect the behavior of the tire temporarily and are most often destructive to the rubber. The tire can support acceleration round corners at 2 G (20 m/s²), depending on chassis, engine, and motor setup.<br />
<br />
==Racing==<br />
[[Image:Tv_jay_leno_guest_jimmy_fallon_go_karting.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Jimmy Fallon and Jay Leno go-karting]]<br />
Kart racing is generally accepted as the most economic form of [[motorsport]] available. As a free-time activity, it can be performed by almost anybody, and as a [[motorsport]] in itself, it is one of the sports regulated by [[FIA]] (under the guise of [[CIK]]), permitting licensed racing for anyone from the age of 8 onward. In the USA there is not as much FIA involvement, instead the IKF ([[International Kart Federation]]) and WKA ([[World Karting Association]]) regulate racing. <br />
<br />
A variety of [[kart circuits]] permit the sport to be practised, although only [[homologated]] ones can have official races.<br />
<br />
Typically, race formats are one of the following:<br />
<br />
=== Sprint ===<br />
The sprint format is a series of short-duration races, normally for a small number of laps, that qualify for a final, with a variety of point scoring calculations to determine the event's overall winner. Typical duration does not normally exceed 15 minutes. Here, speed and successful passing is of the most importance. It normally occurs in the format of three qualifying heats and a final race for trophy positions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:coxgriffiths.jpg|right|frame|Image of Jade-TKM K4S courtesy of www.kjdracing.tk]] --><br />
<br />
The [[FIA]] championships, including the [[Karting World Championship]], take place in this format.<br />
<br />
=== Endurance ===<br />
Endurance races last for an extended period, from 30 minutes up to 24 hours or more, for one or more drivers. In general, consistency, reliability, and pit strategy is of greater importance than all out speed. The US based company [http://www.endurancekarting.com Endurance Karting]is organizing 1.5 hour - 24 hour races both in the US and Europe.<br />
<br />
=== Speedway ===<br />
Speedway karts are sprint karts evolved into a specialized form of kart for left-turn-only racing competition. LTO chassis have been developed for precise handling and adjustability specifically for oval and tri-oval tracks. Speedway kart feature races range in length from 4 laps, for a trophy dash, to 20 laps, for a main event. The two chief racing formats used in dirt speedway karting are heat races and qualification by an individual’s timed laps. IKF (International Karting Federation, [http://www.ikfkarting.com IKF]) runs a racing format of two ten-lap heats followed by one twenty lap feature. Your finishing positions in the two heat races are used to calculate your starting position for the feature race. The World Karting Association (WKA, [http://www.worldkarting.com WKA]) uses first round qualifying, preceded only by second round qualifying if number of kart entries requires it, and finally a 20 lap feature event. Karts equipped with transponders are sent out onto the track in groups of 5 or less, spread out on the track, to try to achieve the fastest time around the track. Features positions are determined by your qualifying time. Due to full course yellow flags, which to do not count toward lap totals, races can last as long as 30 minutes. Speedway racing takes place on both asphalt and clay tracks, which are normally between 1/6 mile and ¼ mile long. The majority of tracks are 1/5 mile long though and primarily consist of four corners, which creates an oval shape; however, few tracks are symmetric. Oftentimes, the shape parallels that of an egg or a [[tri-oval]]. Speedway racing emphasizes chassis set-up and environment wise tyre selection. Formal competitive classes begin at the junior level which starts at age 7 or 8 and generally run in 3-year age groupings or weight divisions until “senior” status is reached at age 15 or 16, (depending on the series).<br />
<br />
== Categories ==<br />
[[Image:djtkarting.jpg|thumb|301px|DJTkarting driver in a JnrTKM kart]]<br />
There are many different classes or formulae in karting. The FIA sanctions international championships in [[JICA]], [[Intercontinental A]], [[Formula A]], [[Intercontinental C]], [[Super ICC]] and [[Superkart]] [[Superkart Division 1|Division 1]] and [[Superkart Division 2|Division 2]]. These are regarded as the top levels of karting and are also raced in national championships. The world Championship is also decided here. The current world champion is Oliver Oakes from the UK, who currently in 2006, is racing in the Formula BMW UK Championship, for Carlin Motorsport.<br />
<br />
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:WetLydd.jpg|right|frame|Image of Superkarts in the rain at Lydden Hill, UK]] --><br />
<br />
Many people race in [[Spec series]] such as [[Rotax Max]] (a [[TaG|Touch-and-Go]] class), [[Formula TKM]] or those using the [[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]] [[KT100]] engine, and Cadet classes for ages 8 to 12 are usually popular.<br />
<br />
In the United States, the biggest proportion of racers are in the dirt oval classes which often use [[Briggs & Stratton]] industrial engines.<br />
<br />
In Australia, Classes include Midget, Rookie, Junior and Senior.<br />
<br />
== Karting as a learning tool ==<br />
Kart racing is usually used as a low-cost and relatively safe way to introduce drivers to motor racing. Many people associate it with young drivers, but adults are also very active in karting. Karting is considered the first step in any serious racer's career. It can prepare the driver for high-speed wheel-to-wheel racing by helping develop quick reflexes, precision car control, and decision-making skills. In addition, it brings an awareness of the various parameters that can be altered to try to improve the competitiveness of the kart (examples being tyre pressure, gearing, seat position, chassis stiffness) that also exist in other forms of motor racing. Racing schools such as the [http://www.bondurantsuperkarts.com Bondurant Kart Racing School]and [http://www.endurancekarting.com Endurance Karting School] have come along to teach these novice and advanced karters.<br />
<br />
As well as "serious" competitive kart racing, many commercial enterprises offer casual hire of karts. Such karts are usually powered by small, detuned four-stroke engines and are far slower than the fully-fledged competitive versions.<br />
<br />
Many, perhaps most [[Formula One]] racers grew up racing karts, most prominent among them [[Michael Schumacher]], [[Ayrton Senna]], [[Alain Prost]], [[Fernando Alonso]] and [[Kimi Räikkönen]]. Many [[NASCAR]] drivers also got their start in racing from karts, such as [[Darrell Waltrip]], [[Lake Speed]], [[Ricky Rudd]], [[Tony Stewart]], and [[Jeff Gordon]].<br />
<br />
The most celebrated karting series in the UK is the National karting series, also known as Super 1. There are 3 types of Super 1 championships:<br />
1.) MSA. The MSA Super 1 National Championships incorporates Formula A, Formula ICA, Junior I.C.A, 100 National and Formula Cadet.<br />
2.) Rotax. This Super 1 Series incorporates the 4 Rotax Max classes: Senior Max, Junior Max, Minimax and Rotax 177<br />
3.) TKM. This series incorporates the Senior TKM Extreme class, Formula Senior TKM 4 Stroke, Junior TKM 2 stroke, Junior TKM intermediate,Formula Junior TKM 4 Stroke and for the first time in 2006 the Honda Cadet class.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.tarporleykarting.co.uk Tarporley Karting Team]<br />
* [http://www.camberley-kartclub.co.uk Camberley Kart Club] Blackbushe, UK.<br />
* [http://www.karting1.co.uk/karting-techniques.htm Karting Techniques ] How to drive a racing kart <br />
* [http://www.kartsportnews.com KartSportNews.com] Karting news, features, tech, profiles, results, photos from Australia<br />
* [http://www.teka.com.au Teka.com.au] The Endurance Karting Association (Australia Only)<br />
* [http://www.worldkarting.com World Karting Association] (USA only)<br />
* [http://www.ekartingnews.com/ ekartingnews.com]: (Click on 'New to Karting' link at the top of the page for a good introduction and FAQ.)<br />
* [http://www.citykarting.com/beginner.htm Karting History USA] & [http://www.emotionandvalue.com/01.html Karting History Europe]<br />
* [http://www.endurancekarting.com Endurance Karting] The largest US kart racing school and race organizer <br />
* [http://www.diygokarts.com DIY Go Kart Plans] Resource for home-built go karts.<br />
* [http://www.lebkart.com LEBkart.com] A Website containing lots of information and community information<br />
* [http://www.gakarting.com Georgia Karting] Reference to Karting in Georgia, USA<br />
* [http://karting.shirster.com Hong Kong Go Kart PhotoBlog] Photos and videos taken at Hong Kong's one and only official go kart track<br />
* [http://dadoghouse.com Da Dog House] cyberdog blogs about karting and other stuff, also contains photos and videos of Hong Kong's first official karting track<br />
<br />
[[Category:Karting|*]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=25857Main Page2007-05-25T14:33:46Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<b>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}</b></center></div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Automotive_Racing&diff=25667Automotive Racing2007-05-08T14:32:57Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<br />
<br />
<table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=5 CELLPADDING=5 width=40%><br />
<tr><br />
<td><center><font face="Arial">'''Types of [[Auto racing]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
<br />
<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[Formula One Racing]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
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<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[IRL: Indy Racing League IndyCar Series]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
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<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[World of Touring]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
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<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[World of Endurance Racing]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
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<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[List of Auto Racing tracks]]'''</font></center></td></tr></table></div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Automotive_Racing&diff=25666Automotive Racing2007-05-08T14:32:42Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<div><table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=5 CELLPADDING=5 width=40%><br />
<tr><br />
<td><center><font face="Arial">'''Types of [[Auto racing]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
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<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[Formula One Racing]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
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<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[IRL: Indy Racing League IndyCar Series]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
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<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[World of Touring]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
<br />
<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[World of Endurance Racing]]'''</font></center></td></tr><br />
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<td><center><font face="Arial">'''[[List of Auto Racing tracks]]'''</font></center></td></tr></table><br />
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[[Image:MC12_topfront.jpg|right|250px]]</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Car_Information_and_Photos_by_Marque&diff=25536Car Information and Photos by Marque2007-04-17T17:03:29Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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<br />
<table BORDER=4 CELLSPACING=5 CELLPADDING=4><br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Abarth]] <small>T</small></font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Alfa Romeo]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Ansaldo]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Aquila]]</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[ASA]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[ATS]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Autobianchi]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Bandini]]</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Bertone]] <small>D</small></font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Bizzarrini]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Brixia-Zust]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Bugatti]]</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Castagna]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Chiribiri]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Cisitalia]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Cizeta]]</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[CMN]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Colani]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Colli]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[De Tomaso]]</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[De Vecchi]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Diatto]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Ermini]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[FATA]]</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Ferrari]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Fiat]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Fioravanti]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Fissore]]</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[FLAG]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[FOD]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Fornasari]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Frua]] <small>D</small></font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Garage Italia]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Ghia]] <small>C, D</small> </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Giannini]] <small>C</small></font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Innocenti]]</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Intermeccanica]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[ISO]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Isotta-Fraschini]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Itala]] </font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Italdesign]] <font face="Arial" font color=#FDF521>Giugiaro</font> <small>C, D</small> </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Laforza]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[LAM]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Lamborghini]] </font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Lancia]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[LMX]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Lombardi]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Maserati]] </font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Moretti]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Nardi]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Officine Meccaniche]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Osca]] </font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Osella]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[OSI]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Pagani]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Pininfarina]] <small>C, D</small></font></td><br />
<br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Project 1221]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Qvale]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Savio]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[SCAT]] </font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Scioneri]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Serenissima]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Siata]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[SPA]] </font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Stanga]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Stanguellini]] </font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Temperino]]</font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Vignale]]</font></td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Viotti]] <small>C, D</small></font></td><br />
<br />
<td><font face="Arial">[[Zagato]] <small>D</small></font></td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
*<small>C</small> = Coachbuilder<br />
*<small>D</small> = Design House<br />
*<small>T</small> = Tuner/Performance<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://www.wheelsofitaly.com/v2/us/en/xhtml/welcome/index.php '''Wheels Of Italy.com''']</div>65.203.76.4http://woiweb.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=25535Main Page2007-04-17T14:45:17Z<p>65.203.76.4: </p>
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